Heat sensing manikin test probe

Andersson, Petra; Holmstedt, Göran

doi:10.1002/1099-1018(200007/08)24:4<195::aid-fam738>3.0.co;2-z

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Then two of the samples were put into programmable constant temperature and humidity testers (PCTHC) for 24 h. The temperature of the PCTHC was set at 20°C, and the humidity was set at 30 ± 5%, 50 ± 5%, 65 ± 5%, and 80 ± 5% to achieve different initial moisture contents among the samples. The humidity allowed moisture to be wicked into layered samples and held in the fiber pores [ 14 ], leading to an increase in moisture content. The moisture weight in each fiber layer was determined after the sample was placed into different relative humidity situations using an electronic balance with an accuracy of 0.001 g over three measurements.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Initial Moisture Content on Heat and Moisture Transfer in Firefighters’ Protective Clothing

Huang

2017

The Scientific World Journal

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This paper presents a model for heat and moisture transfer through firefighters' protective clothing (FPC) during radiation exposure. The model, which accounts for air gaps in the FPC as well as heat transfer through human skin, investigates the effect of different initial moisture contents on the thermal insulation performance of FPC. Temperature, water vapor density, and the volume fraction of liquid water profiles were monitored during the simulation, and the heat quantity absorbed by water evaporation was calculated. Then the maximum durations of heat before the wearer acquires first- and second-degree burns were calculated based on the bioheat transfer equation and the Henriques equation. The results show that both the moisture weight in each layer and the total moisture weight increase linearly within a given environmental humidity level. The initial moisture content in FPC samples significantly influenced the maximum water vapor density. The first- and second-degree burn injury time increase 16 sec and 18 sec when the RH increases from 0% to 90%. The total quantity of heat accounted for by water evaporation was about 10% when the relative humidity (RH) is 80%. Finally, a linear relationship was identified between initial moisture content and the human skin burn injury time before suffering first- and second-degree burn injuries.

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Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Initial Moisture Content on Heat and Moisture Transfer in Firefighters’ Protective Clothing

Huang

2017

The Scientific World Journal

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“…A manikin test probe was developed to simulate the seconddegree burns of skin when exposed to superheated water mist or a large pool fire. 11 The thermal manikin was applied in studying personal exposure to a thermal environment regarding the thermal comfort. 12 In this study, skin temperature on the head of a thermal manikin at an incident radiant heat flux was measured and used to verify the validity of a thermal radiation model in skin layer temperature prediction under some fire environments.…”

Section: List Of Symbolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, a thermal manikin, constructed with an accurate geometrical likeness to a real person, was used to measure the skin temperature rise due to incident radiant heat flux. 11,12 It was shaped as a 1.7 m tall average-sized woman with a body surface area of 1.47 m 2 . It consisted of a 4 mm glass fibre-armed polyester shell wounded round with 0.3 mm diameter nickel wire at a spacing of 2 mm.…”

Section: Experimental Verificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental verification of a thermal radiation model for humanskin heat exposure

Wong¹,

Hui

2006

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology

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Skin pain and burns at an elevated skin layer temperature due to incident heat flux could be used to evaluate thermal hazards for some enclosed fire environments and mathematical expressions were proposed in literature for fire safety evaluations. In this work, a mathematical model for determining the skin layer temperature due to incident radiant heat flux is examined with experimental verification. Heat balance on the skin layer due to the heat flux and conductive heat transfer through it is considered. Specifically, the skin layer temperature at the head portion of an artificial thermal manikin was measured at certain incident radiant heat flux and compared with that calculated from the mathematical model. The results showed that the predictions were slightly higher than the measured values and the mathematical model would be useful in hazard assessment for some fire environments involving exposure of humans to a thermal radiation. Practical application: This paper presents the temperature measurement at a depth of 0.1 mm under the skin of an artificial thermal manikin’s head portion exposed to a vertical heated surface of 699 K in two orientations: facing and sideways to the surface. The result could be a useful source of information for the verification of any classical radiation model application to fire safety designs regarding heat exposure of the head portion of a person to heated surfaces.

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Human survivability in motor vehicle fires

Digges¹,

Gann

Grayson

et al. 2008

Fire and Materials

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SUMMARYAutomobile fires are consistently among the largest causes of fire death in the United States (about 500 annually) and the U.S. motor vehicle industry and others have spent a significant amount of money in recent years studying this problem. The authors of this review have analyzed the auto industry reports, the scientific literature, and statistical data, and conclude that measures should be taken to improve survivability in automobile fires. The U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 302 (FMVSS 302) was introduced almost 40 years ago to measure the flammability of interior materials, but improvements in the crashworthiness of automobiles and their fuel tanks and the increased use of combustible materials have changed the motor vehicle fire scenario significantly. In particular, the primary threat has changed from ignition of a small quantity of combustible interior materials by a lit cigarette, in 1960, to ignition of a large quantity of combustible interior and exterior materials by an impact-induced fire, at present. The authors therefore suggest that FMVSS 302 is no longer relevant to automobile fire safety and recommend improved standards based on objective criteria for fire safety performance (fireworthiness) at the system/vehicle level as is routinely done for crashworthiness.

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Heat sensing manikin test probe

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Influence of Initial Moisture Content on Heat and Moisture Transfer in Firefighters’ Protective Clothing

Influence of Initial Moisture Content on Heat and Moisture Transfer in Firefighters’ Protective Clothing

Experimental verification of a thermal radiation model for humanskin heat exposure

Human survivability in motor vehicle fires

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