Heat stability of agaritine in water extracts from Agaricus blazei and other edible fungi, and removal of agaritine by ethanol fractionation

Koge, Takashi; Komatsu, Wataru; Sorimachi, Kenji

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.153

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Contact with air, storage at ambient temperature, refrigeration or freeze-thaw cycles as well as cooking results in a decrease in concentration [ 21 ]. It was found that agaritine is comparatively heat-stable in Agaricus water extracts, since these retained 40–50% of the initial agaritine amount even after a 30–120 min incubation at 120 °C, contrary to pure agaritine which was heat-labile and easily decomposed at 100 °C [ 49 ]. However, agaritine is reduced 10-fold during the canning process [ 50 ].…”

Section: Button Mushroom (And Agaricus Spp) Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warning on False or True Morels and Button Mushrooms with Potential Toxicity Linked to Hydrazinic Toxins: An Update

Lagrange

Vernoux

2020

Toxins

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Recently, consumption of the gyromitrin-containing neurotoxic mushroom Gyromitra sp. (false morel), as gourmet food was hypothesized to play a role in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genesis. The present review analyses recent data on edibility and toxicity of false and true morels and Agaricus spp. Controversy about the toxic status of Gyromitra esculenta was due to variable toxin susceptibility within consumers. We suggest that Verpa bohemica, another false morel, is also inedible. We found a temporary neurological syndrome (NS) with cerebellar signs associated with high consumption of fresh or dried true morels Morchella sp. After ingestion of crude or poorly cooked fresh or dried morels, a gastrointestinal “haemolytic” syndrome was also observed. Agaritine, a water soluble hydrazinic toxin closely related to gyromitrin is present along with metabolites including diazonium ions and free radicals, in Agaricus spp. and A. bisporus, the button mushroom, and in mice after ingestion. It is a potential weak carcinogen in mice, but although no data are available for humans, a lifetime low cumulative extra cancer risk in humans can be estimated to be about 10−5. To conclude, a safety measure is to avoid consuming any true morels or button mushrooms when crude or poorly cooked, fresh or dried.

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Section: Button Mushroom (And Agaricus Spp) Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warning on False or True Morels and Button Mushrooms with Potential Toxicity Linked to Hydrazinic Toxins: An Update

Lagrange

Vernoux

2020

Toxins

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“…Generally, fresh mushrooms contain higher levels of agaritine (e.g., A. bisporus mushrooms with 94-629 mg/kg of agaritine) than canned mushrooms (e.g., A. bisporus mushrooms with 1-55 mg/kg of agaritine) (13,29). It was found that agaritine breaks down rapidly when cooked and during the process of freezing (18,30,31). Dried commercial mushrooms contain the highest agaritine values, reaching thousands of milligrams (32).…”

Section: Agaritine In Macromycetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agaritine: A Natural Toxic Amino Acid Of cultivated Mushroom Agaricus Spp. And its potential Health Risk

Malík,

Malá,

Kumar Killi

et al. 2024

Mil. Med. Sci. Lett.

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Agaritine, a naturally occurring amino acid and phenylhydrazine derivative found in mushrooms of the genus Agaricus, has gained attention due to its potential impact on human health. The presence of the hydrazine moiety in the structure of agaritine plays a crucial role in its toxicological properties. It has raised concerns due to its high reactivity as chemical radicals. Therefore, research is commonly focused on the potential health risks of agaritine and its possible role as a pro-carcinogenic agent. However, some studies did not provide evidence of agaritine's toxicological effects. Therefore, further research is needed to understand agaritine's mechanisms of action and its safe consumption levels in humans. This review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge surrounding agaritine and its potential health risks.

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“…Although agaritine is found within alternative medicines and is toxic to healthy people, it is useful in treating HIV-positive patients. Additionally, the method to specifically remove agaritine from Agaricus blazei water extracts has been recently established in our laboratory (Koge et al, 2011). Thus, we can now select Agaricus water extracts with or without agaritine products depending on their end purpose.…”

Section: Effect Of Alternative Medicines On Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Medicines for Encephalitis

Sorimachi¹,

Nakamoto²

2011

Pathogenesis of Encephalitis

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Heat stability of agaritine in water extracts from Agaricus blazei and other edible fungi, and removal of agaritine by ethanol fractionation

Cited by 10 publications

References 24 publications

Warning on False or True Morels and Button Mushrooms with Potential Toxicity Linked to Hydrazinic Toxins: An Update

Warning on False or True Morels and Button Mushrooms with Potential Toxicity Linked to Hydrazinic Toxins: An Update

Agaritine: A Natural Toxic Amino Acid Of cultivated Mushroom Agaricus Spp. And its potential Health Risk

Alternative Medicines for Encephalitis

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