Heat stress in wheat: a global challenge to feed billions in the current era of the changing climate

Abstract

Crop failure is largely caused by various climate hazards, and among them, heat stress is the primary factor hindering crop production. The significant global loss of crop yield is primarily due to heat-related damage during the reproductive phase. Terminal heat stress has been well documented in wheat, causing morphophysiological alterations, biochemical disruptions, and reduction of genetic potential. The formation of shoots and roots, the effect on the double ridge stage, and early biomass in the vegetative stage are also impacted by heat stress. The final negative outcomes of heat stress include reduced grain number and weight, slower grain filling rate, reduced grain quality, and shorter grain filling duration. Plants have developed mechanisms to adapt to heat stress through modifications in their morphological or growth responses, physiological and biochemical pathways, and changes in enzyme reactions. Numerous heat tolerance genes have been identified in wheat, but the more extensive study is needed to increase heat tolerance in crops to satisfy the food demands of the world’s growing population. The global food policy needs to prioritize and promote additional joint research and the development of heat-tolerant wheat breeding to ensure the world’s food security.

Study on physiobiological features of grain and contemporary storage methods

“…On the outer surface, the embryo and endosperm are covered with a seed coat, which serves as a barrier to microbe penetration, mechanical damage, embryo drying out, and premature germination [7]. The entire process of growth of grain crops consists of several stages, characterized by qualitative changes in biochemical reactions, physiological functions [8,9,10] and organoformational processes (Figure 1). Throughout the life cycle of a plant, the duration of interphase periods changes dynamically.…”

“…Crop readiness for harvesting is evaluated taking into consideration all the dynamics of grain ripening. Early grain harvesting exposes the current to a highly humid grain mass and increases the physiological activity of the grains, which is primarily manifested in intense breathing [9,11]. Preparing such a grain mass for storage presents certain difficulties, and the grain may have reduced technological properties.…”

Genetic and Genomic Pathways to Improved Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Yields: A Review

“…Heat stress disrupts plant metabolism and accelerates senescence, while frost can damage cell structures and impede growth. Additionally, biotic stresses from pests like aphids and diseases such as rust and powdery mildew pose serious threats to crop viability [16]. Soil-related issues including salinity, erosion, and nutrient depletion also play a critical role in determining plant health and productivity.…”