Heat stress of gilts around farrowing causes oxygen insufficiency in the umbilical cord and reduces piglet survival

Zhao, Weicheng; Artaiz, O.; Iqbal, Y.; Le, Hoang Viet; DiGiacomo, Kristy; Leury, Brian J; Fothergill, L.J.; Furness, John B.; Liu, F.; Green, M.P.; Finger, B.J.; Navarro, Manuel Valdivié; Roura, E.; D’Souza, D.N.; Dunshea, Frank R.; Plush, K. J.; Cottrell, Jeremy J.

doi:10.1016/j.animal.2022.100668

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In a study by Zhao et al (2022), however, an ambient temperature of 28–30°C compared to 20°C reduced feed intake (−2.1 kg/day) and increased rectal (+1.4°C) and skin (+4°C) temperatures, respiration rate (+300%) and induced respiratory alkalosis as apparent from an increased blood pH (+0.06). The farrowing process was compromised, as evident from delayed expulsion of the placentae, increased stillbirth rate (+30%), and increased incidence of ruptured umbilical cords (+20%), and higher skin meconium scores (Zhao et al, 2022). An increased respiratory rate results in alkalosis because CO 2 is evacuated from the circulation at a higher rate, reducing the concentration of HCO 3 − in blood.…”

Section: Peri‐partum Physiology and Issuesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Physiology and management of the peri‐parturient sow in the context of changing production conditions

Langendijk¹,

Soede

2023

Reprod Domestic Animals

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Genetic selection has resulted in a considerable increase in litter size, paralleled by an increase in farrowing duration and perinatal mortality. This paper describes some of the physiological changes around farrowing, and how genetic trends and sow management interact with these. Compromised farrowing can be related to nutritional management, or to housing conditions and handling of periparturient sows. Transition diets, for example, can be formulated to support calcium homeostasis and alleviate constipation. The opportunity to express natural behaviours and minimize stress around farrowing can further optimize farrowing conditions and reduce piglet mortality. Loose farrowing systems are part of the answer to the challenges around farrowing; however, current systems do not perform consistently. In conclusion, increased farrowing duration and increased perinatal mortality may to some extent be inevitably related to trends in pig production; however, they can be improved by nutritional measures, housing conditions and farrowing management.

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Section: Peri‐partum Physiology and Issuesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Physiology and management of the peri‐parturient sow in the context of changing production conditions

Langendijk¹,

Soede

2023

Reprod Domestic Animals

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“…Contributory to this finding is the influence of free radicals in utero and in the preweaning period. Heat stress in late gestation reduces umbilical oxygen supply to the newborn, with an associated higher risk of piglet stillbirth and impairment on neonatal survivability and development (Johnson and Baumgard, 2019;Zhao et al, 2022). Pigs are also known to reduce voluntary feeding to reduce digestion and metabolic heat production, leading to poor performance (Cui et al, 2016).…”

Section: ; Sejian Et Al 2018)mentioning

confidence: 99%

High Environmental Temperature Induces Oxidative Stress, Reduced Sow Productivity and Increased Piglet Mortality

Omotosho,

Fowowe,

Abiola

et al. 2024

Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences

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Heat stress is a limiting factor for livestock productivity in many countries. This study was designed to evaluate the influence of exposure of exotic pigs to high environmental temperatures on physiology, oxidative stress biomarkers and productivity. Multiparous sows (n = 40) in two equal groups (Groups N and H) were investigated. The pen temperature, relative humidity and Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) were measured for 30 days. The skin temperature, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were measured weekly. Haematology, serum biochemistry and oxidative biomarkers were also evaluated. The production records, including farrowing events (NFE), number of piglets at birth (NPB), number of piglets at weaning (NPW) and piglet mortality (NPM) were obtained per sow for the preceding 24 months. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a student T-test at P<0.05. Pen indoor temperature was significantly higher and relative humidity significantly lower in Group H (30.23+0.99 0 C, 48.90+7.94 %) compared to Group N (25.21+0.94 0 C, 58.97+6.21 %). The THI was higher in Group H (78.40+1.99). There was a significant increase in skin surface temperature and respiratory rate in Group H (37.70+1.40 0 C and 39.70+4.28 bpm) with a slight increase in rectal temperature compared to Group N (33.86+0.95 0 C and 35.79+2.89 bpm). There was a slight increase in PCV, blood urea nitrogen and a decrease in the levels of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate in sows in Group H. There was a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide generation, nitric oxide contents and malondialdehyde levels, with a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content in Group H when compared to Group N. There was a reduction in farrowing events (N = 3.45+0.20; H = 3.00+ 0.19), number of piglets at birth (N = 29.15+1.92; H = 27.95+ 2.44), the number of piglets at weaning (N = 27.65+1.89; H = 25.90+ 2.25), and an increase in piglet mortality (N = 1.5+0.21; H = 2.05+0.42) in sows exposed to higher temperatures. The orientation of the pig housing in the northsouth direction reduced its effectiveness. Exotic sows exposed to heat stress had altered physiology, experienced oxidative stress, were prone to renal and hepatic injury, and had reduced productivity. Adequate thermal comfort should be ensured in pig husbandry in the tropics for optimal health and productivity.

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Mid infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as tool to monitor the impact of heat stress and dietary interventions in lactating sows

Navarro,

Coba,

Muller

et al. 2024

Int J Biometeorol

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Heat stress in hyper-prolific lactating sows is recognised as a factor reducing feed intake, milk production, and welfare, with significant losses in farm productivity. Individual capacities for body thermoregulation during environmental hyperthermia determine the adaptation of the animal during long and recurrent events. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy as a high-throughput method to identify markers of stress in plasma and milk collected from lactating sows under heat stress conditions fed with two levels of protein in the diet defined as low (16%) and standard (20%). The MIR spectra were analysed using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and principal component analysis and validated using cross-validation. The results obtained indicated that MIR spectroscopy, in combination with chemometrics, was able to identify changes in the spectra associated with heat stress in wavenumbers corresponding with amide groups (proteins) (highest loadings observed in the regions between1065 and 1635 cm−1), lipids and unsaturated fatty acids (regions between 1746 and 3063 cm−1), lipo-polysaccharides (in 1247 cm−1) and carbohydrates (around the region1050 cm−1). These results also indicated that the information provided by these wavenumbers can be used as metabolic markers of the adaptation of the sows to hyperthermia. It was concluded that MIR spectroscopy is a rapid and inexpensive tool capable of detecting and evaluating the main biochemical changes of hyperthermia on lactating sows, facilitating the development of palliative management strategies such as dietary manipulations.

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Heat stress of gilts around farrowing causes oxygen insufficiency in the umbilical cord and reduces piglet survival

Cited by 7 publications

References 36 publications

Physiology and management of the peri‐parturient sow in the context of changing production conditions

Physiology and management of the peri‐parturient sow in the context of changing production conditions

High Environmental Temperature Induces Oxidative Stress, Reduced Sow Productivity and Increased Piglet Mortality

Mid infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as tool to monitor the impact of heat stress and dietary interventions in lactating sows

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