Heat stress tolerance in peas (Pisum sativum L.): Current status and way forward

Abstract

In the era of climate change, the overall productivity of pea (Pisum sativum L.) is being threatened by several abiotic stresses including heat stress (HS). HS causes severe yield losses by adversely affecting several traits in peas. A reduction in pod yield has been reported from 11.1% to 17.5% when mean daily temperature increase from 1.4 to 2.2°C. High-temperature stress (30.5-33°C) especially during reproductive phase is known to drastically reduce both seed yield and germination. HS during germination and early vegetative stage resulted in poor emergence and stunted plant growth along with detrimental effects on physiological functions of the pea plant. To combat HS and continue its life cycle, plants use various defense strategies including heat escape, avoidance or tolerance mechanisms. Ironically, the threshold temperatures for pea plant and its responses are inconsistent and not yet clearly identified. Trait discovery through traditional breeding such as semi leaflessness (afila), upright growing habit, lodging tolerance, lower canopy temperature and small seeded nature has highlighted their utility for greater adaptation under HS in pea. Screening of crop gene pool and landraces for HS tolerance in a targeted environment is a simple approach to identify HS tolerant genotypes. Thus, precise phenotyping using modern phenomics tools could lead to increased breeding efficiency. The NGS (next generation sequencing) data can be associated to find the candidate genes responsible for the HS tolerance in pea. In addition, genomic selection, genome wide association studies (GWAS) and marker assisted selection (MAS) can be used for the development of HS tolerant pea genotypes. Additionally, development of transgenics could be an alternative strategy for the development of HS tolerant pea genotypes. This review comprehensively covers the various aspects of HS tolerance mechanisms in the pea plant, screening protocols, omic advances, and future challenges for the development of HS tolerant genotypes.

Nano-Food Farming Approaches to Mitigate Heat Stress under Ongoing Climate Change: A Review

“…The main impact of heat stress on crops may be in creating oxidative stress and the generation of ROS, reducing photosynthesis and vegetative and reproductive phases [17,140,162,[202][203][204]. Reviews on crop heat stress include molecular and agronomic attributes in crops like wheat [205], maize [204], rice [206], tomato [140], and peas [207], or on plants in general [29,109,202,208]. As presented in Table 2, each applied NM had a certain action against heats stress at a given dose under the studied conditions.…”

Pisum sativum L. ‘Eso’: Metabolic Profiling of Yellow Seeds to Define the Optimal Harvest Time

“…Being adapted to a cooler climate, peas require mean a seasonal temperature of 10-18 °C for optimum growth with harvesting times from 8 to 12 weeks [8] after seeding. Although, historically, it is a cool season crop, its area is now extending to warmers regions of the world due to the development of cultivars more resilient to certain abiotic stresses [9].…”

Standardized agronomic practices for mechanical harvesting of the single-harvest garden pea in India

“…In India, green peas are cultivated over an area of about 0.56 million ha with an annual production of 5.66 million tonnes and productivity of 10.11 mt/ha [ 4 ]. However, there is huge potential to increase the area under pea cultivation if its cultivation can be mechanized from sowing till harvesting [ 5 ]. Recently, a pea combine has been imported in India from Holland to do mechanization in pea cultivation but many problems have been faced during harvesting by this combine like traditional bed planting method causes bumpy movement to combine which left over the vines in the field, traditional wider spacing reduces yield and method of irrigation causes more weeds and incidence of more powdery mildew and rust [ [6] , [7] , [8] ].…”