Heat to H₂:_{Using Waste Heat to Set Up Concentration Differences for Reverse Electrodialysis Hydrogen Production}

Abstract

The present work suggests two concepts for producing hydrogen by reverse electrodialysis. Reverse electrodialysis is a technology that uses concentration differences to create electrical energy. In this work, the energy is utilised as direct hydrogen production within a closed-loop system. For both system alternatives, waste heat is used to set up the mentioned concentration differences. The first concept is evaporation, where heat is added to boil off excess water from a concentrated solution and thereby increase its concentration. The second concept removes heat to precipitate excess salt. For the precipitation concept to work, a salt where the solubility is highly dependent on temperature must be used. KNO 3 fulfils this requirement. As part of a proof of concept, the conductivity of membranes soaked in KNO 3 was investigated. The conductivity of the salt in two commercialised membranes, Fumatech FKE-50 and FAS-30, was measured and compared to NaCl in the same membranes. The conductivity of K + in FKE-50 was found to be 4.5 and 6.6 mS cm −1 at 25 • C and 40 • C respectively. The conductivity of NO − 3 in FAS-30 was found to be 4.3 mS cm −1 and 6.5 mS cm −1 at 25 • C and 40 • C respectively. Neither of the membranes change conductivity with soaking concentrations. The conductivity at 40 • C compared to 25 • C is significantly better in the FKE membrane, and seemingly better in the FAS membrane. Potential peak power densities for a This is the accepted version of an article published in ECS Transactions.

Heat to H2: Using Waste Heat for Hydrogen Production through Reverse Electrodialysis

“…The current work is an extension and realization of preliminary concepts presented by the authors earlier [17]. The new and refined measurements of membrane conductivity presented in the following, combined with a more extensive theoretical framework enables lower uncertainties than what was presented before.…”

“…The resistance was multiplied with the area of the membrane and plotted versus the thickness, where the slope of the graph is the resistivity (Ωm). The interface between the membranes is found to have a negligible impact on the resistance [17].…”

“…The new and refined measurements of membrane conductivity presented in the following, combined with a more extensive theoretical framework enables lower uncertainties than what was presented before. Furthermore, an energy evaluation of the two processes allows for a broader comparison with other technologies, which was lacking in [17].…”