“…For the laminar flow regime, the effects of pressure drop and heat transfer of inserts have been investigated [9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. While most of the previous studies on inserts concerned the turbulent flow regime [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28], such investigations in the transitional flow regime [9,[29][30][31] are relatively scarce. Based on the fact that the two differing mechanisms proposed to explain the role of the insert in forced convection heat transfer enhancement are not clearly apprehended, we empirically analyze this type of problem by characterizing and quantifying the role of an insert in convective heat transfer enhancement.…”