Existing research on reflux self-excited oscillating nozzles (RSONs) has primarily focused on flow drag reduction and combustion mixing, with relatively little investigation of their impact on cavitation. This study employs the large-eddy simulation framework to conduct numerical simulations of the three-dimensional cavitating jet generated by an RSON. We analyze the impact of vortex dissipation and the nozzle throat structure on the cavitation phenomena and the evolution of vortex structures. Further analysis examines the impact pressure, pulse frequency, cavitation phenomena, and distribution patterns of vortex structures in the flow field for RSONs and an organ pipe nozzle under inlet pressures of 7, 14, and 21 MPa. The results show that the dissipation of spanwise vortices is jointly determined by the shape of the nozzle outlet and the intensity of vortex structures, with nozzles featuring a reflux structure producing faster dissipation. The main frequency of jet pulsation initially increases and then decreases with the development of the jet. The impact pressure of the jet is closely related to the intensity of the cavitation cloud and the location of its collapse. The RSON with a throat structure produces the maximum impact pressure near the nozzle outlet. This study deepens our understanding of the RSON flow field characteristics and provides a scientific basis for RSON applications in a broad range of fields.