Heat transfer to deep tissue: the effect of body fat and heating modality

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to quantify the thermal transfer characteristics of the skin in relation to body composition as assessed by the ability of water immersion and hot and cold packs with different thicknesses of towels layers to heat or cool deep tissue. Two sets of experiments were conducted to determine the interrelationships between body fat content and muscle temperature after immersion of the limb in water or the application of hot and cold packs. In the first series of experiments, subjects immersed their lower body in water at 42, 37, 34, 27, 24 and 0 degrees C for 20 minutes. Muscle temperature was measured in the skin above and in the belly of the quadriceps and medial gastrocnemius muscles by a thermistor on the skin and one implanted with a 20-gauge needle 25 mm below and perpendicular to the skin. To see the effect of circulation, a series was conducted with the circulation occluded. In the second series, hot or cold packs were used with different thicknesses of towel layers. The muscle temperature after immersion in water approached that of the packs within approximately 20 minutes. In contrast, when hot and cold packs were used with various thickness of towels ranging from 2 to 10 mm in thickness, the change in muscle temperature was much less and it was still changing at the end of a 20 minute period. Subjects with high body fat changed their deep tissue temperatures much more slowly with a time constant nearly double that of the thin subjects with all modalities. Even after water immersion, if the body fat exceeded 25% of the subject's weight, 20 min of immersion was not enough to either warm the muscle or cool it down substantially. Cold packs and hot packs were very ineffective in changing muscle temperature under these same conditions. Body fat plays a major role, as did limb blood flow in controlling the movement of heat across the limb.

Skin Moisture and Heat Transfer

“…Subcutaneous fat thickness has been shown to be greater in people who are older and who have diabetes compared to younger individuals [ 84,101,108 ] . Actual measurements of heat transfer in humans as a function of the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer clearly show a slowing in heat transfer with increased fat so that the time constant which predicts heat dissipation into deeper layers is increased [ 108 ] .…”

The use of laser Doppler blood flow to assess the effect of acute administration of vitamin D on micro vascular endothelial function in people with diabetes

“…With heat application, the initial phase is a rapid increase in skin blood flow (SBF) [29] and is mediated by sensory nerve neurotransmitters, such as calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) [30]. The second phase is a slow and prolonged increase in SBF, which is mediated by NO [30][31][32][33][34][35].…”

Continuous-mode 448 kHz capacitive resistive monopolar radiofrequency induces greater deep blood flow changes compared to pulsed mode shortwave: a crossover study in healthy adults

“…When localised radiofrequency treatment is administered, monitoring of the blood flow can help in determining how much heating will occur in the tissues. Hence, it enables a protective regulatory mechanism ensuring that there is no undue tissue hyperthermia (21,22).…”