Heat treatment effects on the hydrogen embrittlement of Ti6Al4V fabricated by laser beam powder bed fusion

Kong, Decheng; Zhao, Dechao; Zhu, Guoliang; Ni, Xiaoqing; Zhang, Liang; Wu, Wenheng; Cheng, Ming; Zhou, Yiqi; Dong, Chaofang; Sun, Baode

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102580

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…However, when produced by L-PBF, these alloys manifest a predominantly acircular α' martensite microstructure. 566 Kong et al 567 analyzed a L-PBFed Ti-6Al-4V in the as-built condition but with a stress-relief treatment at 300 °C for 2 h. This martensitic microstructure did not show any sign of hydride formation or HE, which is explained by the low solubility and diffusivity of H in the absence of β phase. On the other hand, after a heat treatment producing a Widmanstaẗten α/β structure, H uptake was enhanced, hydrides were formed at the α/β interface, and HE was triggered.…”

Section: Bcc Iron and Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Embrittlement as a Conspicuous Material Challenge─Comprehensive Review and Future Directions

Yu,

Díaz,

et al. 2024

Chem. Rev.

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Hydrogen is considered a clean and efficient energy carrier crucial for shaping the net-zero future. Large-scale production, transportation, storage, and use of green hydrogen are expected to be undertaken in the coming decades. As the smallest element in the universe, however, hydrogen can adsorb on, diffuse into, and interact with many metallic materials, degrading their mechanical properties. This multifaceted phenomenon is generically categorized as hydrogen embrittlement (HE). HE is one of the most complex material problems that arises as an outcome of the intricate interplay across specific spatial and temporal scales between the mechanical driving force and the material resistance fingerprinted by the microstructures and subsequently weakened by the presence of hydrogen. Based on recent developments in the field as well as our collective understanding, this Review is devoted to treating HE as a whole and providing a constructive and systematic discussion on hydrogen entry, diffusion, trapping, hydrogen–microstructure interaction mechanisms, and consequences of HE in steels, nickel alloys, and aluminum alloys used for energy transport and storage. HE in emerging material systems, such as high entropy alloys and additively manufactured materials, is also discussed. Priority has been particularly given to these less understood aspects. Combining perspectives of materials chemistry, materials science, mechanics, and artificial intelligence, this Review aspires to present a comprehensive and impartial viewpoint on the existing knowledge and conclude with our forecasts of various paths forward meant to fuel the exploration of future research regarding hydrogen-induced material challenges.

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Section: Bcc Iron and Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Embrittlement as a Conspicuous Material Challenge─Comprehensive Review and Future Directions

Yu,

Díaz,

et al. 2024

Chem. Rev.

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“…The proven resilience in demanding conditions and adherence to stringent mechanical specifications make Ti64 highly suitable for various applications within the aerospace sector [ 1 ]. However, hydrogen embrittlement (HE) remains a significant challenge that adversely affects the performance of the components working in hydrogen environments [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Exceeding a critical hydrogen concentration triggers hydrogen embrittlement in Ti64, causing a substantial reduction in both strength and ductility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have mainly concentrated on the effects of hydrogen charging on the interaction of hydrogen with microstructure, leading to the formation of HP or the mere presence of SH [ 5 , 7 , 10 , 13 , 15 ]. Some studies have also indicated the roles of HP in reducing mechanical properties through tensile tests [ 6 , 8 , 16 , 17 ]. Exploring the formation of different hydrogen variants and their mechanisms influencing HE behavior has remained elusive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering Hydrogen Embrittlement Mechanisms in Ti6Al4V Alloy: Role of Solute Hydrogen and Hydride Phase

Nguyen,

Singh,

Lee

et al. 2024

Materials

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Ti6Al4V (Ti64) is a versatile material, finding applications in a wide range of industries due to its unique properties. However, hydrogen embrittlement (HE) poses a challenge in hydrogen-rich environments, leading to a notable reduction in strength and ductility. This study investigates the complex interplay of solute hydrogen (SH) and hydride phase (HP) formation in Ti64 by employing two different current densities during the charging process. Nanoindentation measurements reveal distinct micro-mechanical behavior in base metal, SH, and HP, providing crucial insights into HE mechanisms affecting macro-mechanical behavior. The fractography and microstructural analysis elucidate the role of SH and HP in hydrogen-assisted cracking behaviors. The presence of SH heightens intergranular cracking tendencies. In contrast, the increased volume of HP provides sites for crack initiation and propagation, resulting in a two-layer brittle fracture pattern. The current study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of HE in Ti6Al4V, essential for developing hydrogen-resistant materials.

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“…LPBF can be used to process many metallic alloys including steels (Sun et al , 2018; Li et al , 2021), nickel alloys (Li et al , 2022; Wu et al , 2020), titanium alloys (Zhang et al , 2019a; Kong et al , 2022), magnesium alloys (Liang et al , 2022; Wang et al , 2022b), aluminum alloys (Schimbäck et al , 2022; Tan et al , 2022), as well as their composites (Yu et al , 2019; Wang et al , 2020). Within all those metallic alloys, aluminum alloys are more challenging to be fabricated by LPBF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the mechanical properties of laser powder bed fused AlSi10Mg alloys by eliminating the inevitable micro-voids via hot forging

Wan,

Chen,

Shen

et al. 2024

RPJ

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Purpose The metallic alloys and their components fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) suffer from the microvoids formed inevitably due to the extreme solidification rate during fabrication, which are impossible to be removed by heat treatment. This paper aims to remove those microvoids in as-built AlSi10Mg alloys by hot forging and enhance their mechanical properties. Design/methodology/approach AlSi10Mg samples were built using prealloyed powder with a set of optimized LPBF parameters, viz. 350 W of laser power, 1,170 mm/s of scan speed, 50 µm of layer thickness and 0.24 mm of hatch spacing. As-built samples were preheated to 430°C followed by immediate pressing with two different thickness reductions of 10% and 35%. The effect of hot forging on the microstructure was analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Tensile tests were performed to reveal the effect of hot forging on the mechanical properties. Findings By using hot forging, the large number of microvoids in both as-built and post heat-treated samples were mostly healed. Moreover, the Si particles were finer in forged condition (∼150 nm) compared with those in heat-treated condition (∼300 nm). Tensile tests showed that compared with heat treatment, the hot forging process could noticeably increase tensile strength at no expense of ductility. Consequently, the toughness (integration of tensile stress and strain) of forged alloy increased by ∼86% and ∼24% compared with as-built and heat-treated alloys, respectively. Originality/value Hot forging can effectively remove the inevitable microvoids in metals fabricated via LPBF, which is beneficial to the mechanical properties. These findings are inspiring for the evolution of the LPBF technique to eliminate the microvoids and boost the mechanical properties of metals fabricated via LPBF.

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Heat treatment effects on the hydrogen embrittlement of Ti6Al4V fabricated by laser beam powder bed fusion

Cited by 13 publications

References 49 publications

Hydrogen Embrittlement as a Conspicuous Material Challenge─Comprehensive Review and Future Directions

Hydrogen Embrittlement as a Conspicuous Material Challenge─Comprehensive Review and Future Directions

Deciphering Hydrogen Embrittlement Mechanisms in Ti6Al4V Alloy: Role of Solute Hydrogen and Hydride Phase

Improving the mechanical properties of laser powder bed fused AlSi10Mg alloys by eliminating the inevitable micro-voids via hot forging

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