Heating Rate Modeling and Measurements in Phantom and in Vivo of the Human Upper Extremity in a Defective 2450 MHz Microwave Oven

Oleson, James R.; Samulski, Thaddeus V.; Clegg, Sonya M.; Das, Sreekanta; Grant, William

doi:10.1080/08327823.1994.11688237

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 2 publications

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“…By contrast, to achieve a CEM43 sufficient to produce thermal injury would require that the skin temperature be maintained at that temperature for several minutes. Oleson et al (1994) reported a modeling study related to burns that a user allegedly experienced from a microwave oven whose interlocks had failed (allowing the user to place his hand in the operating oven). These investigators concluded that thermal pain would force the user to withdraw his hand before significant damage occurred.…”

Section: Subjectmentioning

confidence: 98%

Thermal Mechanisms of Interaction of Radiofrequency Energy With Biological Systems With Relevance to Exposure Guidelines

Foster

Gläser²

2007

Health Physics

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This article reviews thermal mechanisms of interaction between radiofrequency (RF) fields and biological systems, focusing on theoretical frameworks that are of potential use in setting guidelines for human exposure to RF energy. Several classes of thermal mechanisms are reviewed that depend on the temperature increase or rate of temperature increase and the relevant dosimetric considerations associated with these mechanisms. In addition, attention is drawn to possible molecular and physiological reactions that could be induced by temperature elevations below 0.1 degrees, which are normal physiological responses to heat, and to the so-called microwave auditory effect, which is a physiologically trivial effect resulting from thermally-induced acoustic stimuli. It is suggested that some reported "nonthermal" effects of RF energy may be thermal in nature; also that subtle thermal effects from RF energy exist but have no consequence to health or safety. It is proposed that future revisions of exposure guidelines make more explicit use of thermal models and empirical data on thermal effects in quantifying potential hazards of RF fields.

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Section: Subjectmentioning

confidence: 98%

Thermal Mechanisms of Interaction of Radiofrequency Energy With Biological Systems With Relevance to Exposure Guidelines

Foster

Gläser²

2007

Health Physics

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Regional brain heating during microwave exposure (2.06 GHz), warm-water immersion, environmental heating and exercise

Walters¹,

Ryan

Belcher³

et al. 1998

Bioelectromagnetics

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Nonuniform heating may result from microwave (MW) irradiation of tissues and is therefore important to investigate in terms of health and safety issues. Hypothalamic (Thyp), cortical (Tctx), tympanic (Tty), and rectal (Tre) temperatures were measured in rats exposed in the far field, k‐polarization (i.e., head pointed toward the transmitter horn and E‐field in vertical direction) to two power densities of 2.06 GHz irradiation. The high‐power density (HPM) was 1700 mW/cm2 [specific absorption rate (SAR): hypothalamus 1224 W/kg; cortex 493 W/kg]; the low‐power density (LPM) was 170 mW/cm2 (SAR: hypothalamus 122.4 W/kg; cortex 49.3 W/kg). The increase (rate‐of‐rise, in °C/s) in Thyp was significantly greater than those in Tctx or Tre when rats were exposed to HPM. LPM produced more homogeneous heating. Quantitatively similar results were observed whether rats were implanted with probes in two brain sites or a single probe in one or the other of the two sites. The qualitative difference between regional brain heating was maintained during unrestrained exposure to HPM in the h‐polarization (i.e., body parallel to magnetic field). To compare the temperature changes during MW irradiation with those produced by other modalities of heating, rats were immersed in warm water (44 °C, WWI); exposed to a warm ambient environment (50 °C, WSED); or exercised on a treadmill (17 m/min 8% grade) in a warm ambient environment (35 °C, WEX). WWI produced uniform heating in the regions measured. Similar rates‐of‐rise occurred among regions following WSED or WEX, thus maintaining the pre‐existing gradient between Thyp and Tctx. These data indicate that HPM produced a 2–2.5‐fold difference in the rate‐of‐heating within brain regions that were separated by only a few millimeters. In contrast, more homogeneous heating was recorded during LPM or nonmicrowave modalities of heating. Bioelectromagnetics 19:341–353, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Computer Models

Kunzelman¹,

Cochran²

1998

Surgical Research

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Heating Rate Modeling and Measurements in Phantom and in Vivo of the Human Upper Extremity in a Defective 2450 MHz Microwave Oven

Cited by 5 publications

References 2 publications

Thermal Mechanisms of Interaction of Radiofrequency Energy With Biological Systems With Relevance to Exposure Guidelines

Thermal Mechanisms of Interaction of Radiofrequency Energy With Biological Systems With Relevance to Exposure Guidelines

Regional brain heating during microwave exposure (2.06 GHz), warm-water immersion, environmental heating and exercise

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