Heavy Cosmic Ray Nuclei

Shapiro, M. M.; Silberberg, R.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ns.20.120170.001543

Cited by 139 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Also, the consideration that the contribution of GCR nuclei is heavier than that of the alpha particles may be important. While GCR nuclei comprise only about 1% of GCR particles, they contain more than 10% of the nucleons in the GCR (Shapiro and Silberberg, 1970). However, it is more difficult to obtain accurate spectra of these particles than it is to obtain accurate spectra for the protons and alpha particles.…”

Section: Applications and Future Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutron production in the lunar subsurface from alpha particles in galactic cosmic rays

et al. 2011

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The neutron production from alpha particles in galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the lunar subsurface has not been estimated with reliable precision despite its importance for lunar nuclear spectroscopy and space dosimetry. Here, we report our estimation of neutron production from GCR nuclei (protons and alpha particles) with the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS), which includes several heavy ion interaction models. PHITS simulations of the equilibrium neutron density profiles in the lunar subsurface are compared with experimental data obtained in the Apollo 17 Lunar Neutron Probe Experiment. Our calculations successfully reproduced the data within an experimental error of 15%. Our estimation of neutron production from GCR nuclei, estimated by scaling that from protons by a factor of 1.27, is in good agreement within an error of 1% with the calculations using two different alpha particle interaction models in PHITS during a period of average activity of the solar cycle. However, we show that the factor depends on the incident GCR spectrum model used in the simulation. Therefore, we conclude that the use of heavy ion interaction models is important for estimating neutron production in the lunar subsurface.

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Section: Applications and Future Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutron production in the lunar subsurface from alpha particles in galactic cosmic rays

et al. 2011

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“…Space does not allow any discussion of the observational data here, but the figures give an illustrative overview of what is now available from both direct (Figs. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and indirect (γ-ray) measurements (Figs. 14,16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmic-Ray Propagation and Interactions in the Galaxy

Strong

Moskalenko

Птускин

2007

Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.

1,186

1,331

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We survey the theory and experimental tests for the propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy up to energies of 10 15 eV. A guide to the previous reviews and essential literature is given, followed by an exposition of basic principles. The basic ideas of cosmic-ray propagation are described, and the physical origin of its processes are explained. The various techniques for computing the observational consequences of the theory are described and contrasted. These include analytical and numerical techniques. We present the comparison of models with data including direct and indirect -especially gamma-ray -observations, and indicate what we can learn about cosmic-ray propagation. Some particular important topics including electrons and antiparticles are chosen for discussion.

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“…The observed ratio of the integral flux of light nuclei L (Li, Be, B) to that of medium nuclei M (C,N,O) at energies I1.5 GeV/n is 0.25±0.02 (von Rosenvinge et al, 1969c); the value extrapolated to the outside of the magnetosphere is 0.23±0.02 (Shapiro and Silberberg, 1970). One can then use appropriate cross-sections for the production of L nuclei from nuclei of Z6 (Silberberg and Tsao, 1973a, b) and by a method of successive comparison of the calculated ratio with the observed one, deduce the amount of mean matter traversed as about 4 g.cm 2 for the slab model and as about 6 g.cm -2 for the steady state model.…”

Section: Fragmentation Of Nucleimentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Finally, as supplementary reading we will like to refer the reader to a number of other review articles, and references therein, on topics of allied and overlapping interest (Parker, 1969;Meyer, 1969;Daniel and Stephens, 1970;Shapiro and Silberberg, 1970;Simpson, 1971;Wentzel, 1974).…”

Section: Scope Of the Present Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Semi-empirical relations based primarily on the work of Rudstam (1955Rudstam ( , 1966) and a few modifications introduced recently (Audouze et al, 1967;Shapiro and Silberberg, 1970;Silberberg and Tsao, 1973a,b) are widely used for the purpose of computations. These relations constructed by using measured cross-sections available from time to time are being constantly revised.…”

Section: The Chemical Composition At the Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

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