13Ochre is an iron oxyhydroxide-rich waste that accumulates in water bodies associated with 14 disused mines. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the potential of four 15 different ochres to be used as remedial agents for As contaminated soils. The ochres 16 removed As from solution (200 and 500 mg L -1 ) in adsorption experiments at pH 3 and 8 and 17 when added to As contaminated soil (5 % w/w) significantly reduced As release to solution. 18In both these experiments the highest surface area ochres performed best. The impact of 19 ochre amendments on uptake of As from soil by plants and humans and release of As to 20 ground water was assessed in a year-long incubation. Ochres increased soil pH and 21 reduced CaCl 2 extractable As but had no consistent effect on plant growth, plant As uptake 22 or As extraction in physiologically based extraction tests. Ochre may be better used for water 23 treatment than soil remediation. 24 Keywords: arsenic; ochre; contaminated soil; incubation; bioassays 25 2 26 Capsule: Ochre amendments to As-contaminated soil increase pH and reduce CaCl 2 27 extractable As but have no impact on plant growth, As uptake or PBET extractable As. 28
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Introduction 30High concentrations of As in soils and water bodies occur throughout the world due to 31 anthropogenic activities such as mining, smelting and wood preservative usage (Abrahams 32 and Thornton; Álvarez-Ayuso et al., 2012; Eapaea et al., 2007; Lin et al., 2004; Mench and 33 Bes, 2009; Nriagu et al., 2007; Ritchie et al., 2013;. The main routes of 34 arsenic poisoning from contaminated soils are accidental ingestion or inhalation of 35 contaminated soil or water or consumption of plants grown on As-contaminated soils 36 (Miretzky and Cirelli, 2010). There is a need for affordable remedial solutions that can be 37 applied to As-contaminated soil. It is increasingly recognised that the remedial methods of 38 ,1997;Sun and Doner, 1998; Jain et al., 1999;Garcia-Sanchez et al., 2002; 47 Goldberg, 2002;Ford, 2002; Jackson and Miller, 2000; Grafe et al., 2001;Waltham and Eick, 48 2002;Sun and Doner, 1996; Manning et al., 1998; Goldberg and Johnston, 2001; Livesey 49 and Huang, 1981; Elkhatib et al.,1984a,b; Manning and Suarez, 2000;Smith et al., 2002) 50 and this had led to investigations into using Fe oxides to remediate As-contaminated soil 51 3 (e.g. Boisson et al., 1999;Garcia-Sanchez et al., 1999; Warren and 52 Alloway, 2003; Nielsen et al., 2011; Kumpiene et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2011). Ochre is the 53 name given to Fe(III) oxyhydroxide precipitates that accumulate in the outflows of mine 54 systems. In the United Kingdom the Coal Authority is responsible for over 68 (as of August 55 2014) mine water treatment schemes that remove c. 4000 tonnes of iron per year from water 56 courses resulting in ochre production (UK Government, 2014). Some of this ochre is used in 57 brick production to partially offset the waste management costs (Clean Rivers Trust, 2012). 58Additionally, research has been car...