Heavy Metal Contamination in Aquatic and Terrestrial Animals Resulted from Anthropogenic Activities in Indonesia: A Review

Abstract

Hazardous metal pollution has raised a global concern to its increasing trend in response to industrial growth. As an emerging economy, Indonesia starts to receive a backlash of increasing anthropogenic activities resulting in higher emission of heavy metal pollutants. Heavy metals are non-biodegradable pollutants and toxic to humans and other living organisms. Herein, we have reviewed published investigations on the contamination of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Hg, Ni, Cd, Zn and As) in aquatic and terrestrial animals, attributed to anthropogenic activities in Indonesia. Some reports found the contamination levels have surpassed the tolerable limits of international standards. Most of the research was conducted in the industrial area, indicating that the heavy metal released into the environment can reach the human body through the food chain. A report in a non-industrial area suspected the contamination to be originated from the chain of anthropogenic activities (fertiliser industry—agriculture—livestock industry).

The Potent Antimicrobial Spectrum of Patchouli: Systematic Review of Its Antifungal, Antibacterial, and Antiviral Properties

“…Meanwhile, a new class of antibiotics had not been developed for over three decades [1]. Research on antimicrobial substances using natural resources has become a serious discussion by researchers [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The utilization of plant secondary metabolites to cure various illnesses was an ancient practice of taking the resources available in markets, gardens, horticulture backyards, and areas with pristine vegetation [10,[13][14][15].…”

The Removal of As(III) Using a Natural Laterite Fixed-Bed Column Intercalated with Activated Carbon: Solving the Clogging Problem to Achieve Better Performance

“…It has been reported that pollutants are generally introduced into the environment as a result of anthropogenic activities. Among them, heavy metals, such as Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Zn, and Pb, are known to be toxic to living organisms and to present high potential risks to human health due to their accumulation in the food chain due to anthropogenic activities [1,2]. Alongside these pollutants, arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater has recently become a global issue [2][3][4][5].…”

“…Among them, heavy metals, such as Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Zn, and Pb, are known to be toxic to living organisms and to present high potential risks to human health due to their accumulation in the food chain due to anthropogenic activities [1,2]. Alongside these pollutants, arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater has recently become a global issue [2][3][4][5]. In Burkina Faso, it was reported that the groundwaters in several localities were polluted with arsenic, whose concentrations in pit and drilling waters are extremely high compared to the World Health Organization's (WHO) standard value (0.01 mg/L) [6].…”

Physical, Static, and Kinetic Analysis of the Electrochemical Deposition Process for the Recovery of Heavy Metal from Industrial Wastewater

“…Both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the International Agency for Cancer Research classify them as human carcinogens [6]. For instance, the levels of contamination in aquatic and terrestrial animals attributed to anthropogenic activities in Indonesia were found to have exceeded the tolerable limits of international standards, according to some reports [7][8][9]. Lead species are considered the most hazardous pollutants.…”