Heavy Metal Contributions on Human Skin Disease near Cement Plant: A Systematic Review

Abstract

AIM: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate heavy metal roles at skin disease of humans in the cement industrial area.
 METHODS: All research reporting a specific heavy metal, which could be increasing the risk of the disease, cause cement induced to skin. Fourteen selected articles from our inclusion criteria rated using eight quality-appraisal criteria derived from Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist and following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses methodology.
 RESULTS: We performed a systematic review of published articles between 2009 and 2019 from ten case–control, two cohort, one ecological study, and one cross-sectional study showed the heterogeneity of the study design. The studies are focusing on the relationship between heavy metal and skin disease that appeared in cement plant areas such as dermatitis, skin cancer, eczema, and other allergies. Chromium, nickel, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, mercury may present and play an important role for human skin disease.
 CONCLUSION: Heavy metals have been found in the skin of human living and work around the cement industry. Chromium, cobalt, and nickel are almost certainly present in every case of dermatitis and eczema. Signs and mild symptoms of skin disease include redness, itching, starch, and dryness. Elements such as cadmium, lead, and mercury usually are found in chronic skin disease (psoriasis and skin cancer) on a biologic test. These findings should raise an important concern and recommendation policy for controlling raw materials contains heavy metal in cement industrial areas and proper protection for workers and non-worker.

Mechanisms of Cd-Induced Cytotoxicity in Normal Human Skin Keratinocytes: Implication for Human Health

“…However, the Cd toxicity to human skin cells is largely unknown. Currently, studies suggested that heavy metals absorption through human skin induced skin cancer [ 30 , 31 , 32 ], this indicates that heavy metal-induced skin damage may confer enormous health risks to humans. Therefore, it is important to improve the understanding of the detrimental effects of Cd on the skin, especially the underlying mechanisms.…”

Community Health Risk Assessment of Total Suspended Particulates near a Cement Plant in Maros Regency, Indonesia

“…Total suspended particulate exposure is associated with respiratory infections, skin damage, and digestion problems. 9 , 10 The accumulation of particulate matter (PM), which generally contains metals in surface plants, air, and water bodies is attributed to ecological damage. 11 A study in China calculated exposure to PM in size <2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) and PM<10 μm (PM 10 ) in terms of years of life lost (YLL) and estimated 5.2% and 6.9% of total YLL due to PM 2.5 and PM 10 , respectively.…”