2017
DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1354307
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Heavy metals (As, Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni) concentrations in rice (Oryza sativa) from Iran and associated risk assessment: a systematic review

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Cited by 130 publications
(38 citation statements)
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“…RfDs of the different metals for example As, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu are 0.0003, 0.002, 0.001, 0.003 and 0.3, respectively [59, 61]. The value of ratio < 1 implies a non-significant risk effects [62]. The THQ formula is expressed as follows [60, 6365]: Where E d is exposure duration (65 years) (USEPA, 2008); E p is exposure frequency (365 days/year) [21]; A t is the average time for the non-carcinogenic element ( E d × E p ).…”
Section: Human Health Riskmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…RfDs of the different metals for example As, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu are 0.0003, 0.002, 0.001, 0.003 and 0.3, respectively [59, 61]. The value of ratio < 1 implies a non-significant risk effects [62]. The THQ formula is expressed as follows [60, 6365]: Where E d is exposure duration (65 years) (USEPA, 2008); E p is exposure frequency (365 days/year) [21]; A t is the average time for the non-carcinogenic element ( E d × E p ).…”
Section: Human Health Riskmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Environmental soil pollution by toxic metal(oid)s is a grave threat to agricultural sustainability and food security, especially in developing and overpopulated countries. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of an estimated 3.5 billion people worldwide but also represents one of the main causes of toxic metal poisoning for humans (Abtahi et al, 2017). The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and the metalloid arsenic (As) are soil contaminants carcinogenic to humans and animals (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1987; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1993).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the concentration above the permissible norms already means a serious problem. Through plants, heavy metals enter the human body, where they can contribute to the occurrence of many diseases, including cancer [8,[44][45][46][47].…”
Section: The Importance Of Heavy Metals For Plants Animals and Humansmentioning
confidence: 99%