Heavy metals drinking water contamination and health risk assessment among primary school children of Pakistan

Ahmed, Jamil; Wong, Li Ping; Chua, Yan Piaw; Channa, Najeebullah; Memon, Ubed-Ur-Rehman; Garn, Joshua V.; Yasmin, Aneela; VanDerslice, James

doi:10.1080/10934529.2021.1915653

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Hence, as the USEPA guidelines for the HQ or HI is less than one, it is possible to conclude that there is no non-carcinogenic risk in the waters from both spring and river water, for both ingestion and dermal contact pathways. There were similar reports for drinking water in the other countries, where HQ or HI are lower than one, Khorramabad, Iran (5) and Ogun state, Nigeria (67), Nanjing, China (70), Nigeria (71), Pakistan (72), and Ethiopia (9). ), respectively.…”

Section: Chronic Daily Intakesupporting

confidence: 57%

A Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Water Quality and Health Risk Assessment in Estie Denisa Spring and Wanka River, Ethiopia

Meke,

Tibebe,

Desalew

et al. 2024

Preprint

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This study presents a comprehensive assessment of water quality in Estie Densa Spring and Wanka River in Ethiopia through the application of multivariate statistical methods. Water quality is a critical environmental parameter, and understanding its variations is essential for sustainable resource management. The research involves the collection of water samples from Estie Densa Spring and Wanka River, followed by the analysis of various physicochemical, nutrients and heavy metals parameters. Multivariate statistical methods, including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analyses, are employed to discern patterns and relationships within the dataset. Physicochemical parameters were measured using a multimeter and nutrients were measured using a portable photometer 7100 whereas heavy metals were determined by FAAS, after wet acid digestion. From the result, the range of physicochemical parameters and nutrients found in water samples were pH (6.4-8.1), EC (9.9-90 μS/cm), TDS (4.8-44.8 mg/L), Turbidity (4-315 NTU), Total alkalinity (1600 - 6800 mg/L), Temperature (21.3-28.6 ℃), Chlorine (35.6-213 mg/L), Phosphate (0.14-0.7 mg/L), Sulphate (1-4.25 mg/L), Ammonia (0.23-0.595 mg/L), Nitrate (1.2-11.8 mg/L) and Nitrite (0.015-0.139 mg/L). Among these parameters, only the level of turbidity was above the permissible limit. The levels of heavy metals (mg/L) in water samples were Cr (0.005-0.010), Mn (0.007-0.020), Ni (0.030-0.073), Fe (0.5- 0.71), Pb (0.005-0.006) and Cd (0.004-0.011). The levels of Fe and Cd, were higher than the permissible limit of WHO for drinking water which might have a risk for the consumers. The cumulative carcinogenicity risks of trace elements in the spring and river drinking water for adults and children were in the range of (9.2 ×10-3 - 2.52×10-2). which were above the acceptable monitored and controlled levels (1 × 10-4 – 1 × 10-6). Findings from this research contribute to the existing knowledge of water quality in the region, offering valuable information for decision-makers and environmental stakeholders. The application of multivariate statistical methods enhances the understanding of the interplay between various water quality parameters, facilitating more informed and targeted management strategies. Ultimately, this study serves as a basis for promoting sustainable water resource management practices in the context of Estie Densa Spring and Wanka River in Ethiopia.

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Section: Chronic Daily Intakesupporting

confidence: 57%

A Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Water Quality and Health Risk Assessment in Estie Denisa Spring and Wanka River, Ethiopia

Meke,

Tibebe,

Desalew

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…This is due to lower body weight of children as compared to adult this is also showed in the study of (Genchi et al., 2020; Küçüksümbül & Toygar, 2022; Mohammadi et al., 2019) that the concentration is higher than the standard built up by the Pak‐EPA and WHO that is 1.00E‐02 2.00E‐02, respectively. In the overall ARI result of Pb in TWW, BWW, and FPW the ARI concentration of Pb is higher in children 3.68E‐02 man 2.63E‐02 and women 3.35E‐02 This is due to lower body weight of children as compared to adult this is also showed in the study of (Abeer et al., 2020; Ahmed et al., 2021; Haque et al., 2021) that the attentiveness of Pb is higher than the WHO and Pak‐EPA limit that is 3.00E‐03 and 1.00E‐02 ppm, respectively (Exhibits 6–8).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…2.00E-02, respectively. In the overall ARI result of Pb in TWW, BWW, and FPW the ARI concentration of Pb is higher in children 3.68E-02 man 2.63E-02 and women 3.35E-02 This is due to lower body weight of children as compared to adult this is also showed in the study of (Abeer et al, 2020;Ahmed et al, 2021;Haque et al, 2021) that the attentiveness of Pb is higher than the WHO and Pak-EPA limit that is 3.00E-03 and 1.00E-02 ppm, respectively (Exhibits 6-8).…”

Section: E X H I B I T 7 Ari In Femalementioning

confidence: 55%

“…The ubiquitous occurrence of lead in the drinking water is basically that Lead has been accredited as one of the lethal elements of airborne PM, release levels appraised at 460 million kg year −1 from industrial coal and oil combustion and 35 million kg year −1 from natural sources. The variations in the Pb concentration may be due to traffic burden, brick kilns, and usage of leaded gasoline and mostly due to the untreated industrial wastewater (Abeer et al., 2020; Ahmed et al., 2021; Haque et al., 2021; Küçüksümbül & Toygar, 2022).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carcinogenic effect of potential toxic metals in school children through contaminated drinking water around the industrial area of Pakistan

Younas

Jamil

Saleem

2023

Environmental Quality Mgmt

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Due to papulation increase in Pakistan the demand of drinking water increased day by day. After the industrial grooming the wastewater producing harmful effect on the surrounding area of industries and drinking water contamination increased. Pakistan is on 82 amongst the 125 countries of the word having drinking water problem. Different parameter set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak‐EPA) of hazard dimension index (HD) and Lifetime Cancerogenic risk Calculation (LFCR) of Potentially toxic metals that are As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb (PTMs) are higher, and the school age children are under high risk of cancer. All the drinking constraints set by regulating authority is fully neglected by inopportune human process by solid waste dumping and houses and industrial disposal with any proper treatment. This study discusses all the HD and LFCR parameter in three age group children, male and female through drinking water around the Hattar Industrial Estate (HIE) in Pakistan. In children and women more HD and LFCR thread than the adult man. The overall result shows that the HD risk is higher than the LFCR due to the PTMs in drinking water only HD is exceed from the limit of WHO and Pak‐EPA. If there is no proper arrangement take place for the removal of As and PTMs from the industrial wastewater and drinking water than within few years all the population around the study area effected with different type of cancer.

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“…Subsequently, ILCR was used to assess the carcinogenic risk of PAHs in seasoning flour products to different populations. According to the USEPA, an ILCR of 10 −6 or below indicates a risk level that is considered negligible; an ILCR between 10 −6 and 10 −4 indicates a potential cancer risk; an ILCR of 10 −4 or above indicates a risk that requires high attention [1,[44][45][46]. The calculated ILCR values of children, adolescents, and adults were 5.52 × 10 −7 , 2.522 × 10 −6 , and 1.648 × 10 −6 , respectively, which were all lower than the warning value of ILCR (10 −4 ).…”

Section: Health Risk Assessment Of Pahsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seasoning Flour Products in Hunan, China

Cheng

Tan²,

Zeng³

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants with carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects. Dietary intake is one of the significant exposure pathways of PAHs. In this study, gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to detect 16 priority PAHs listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in seasoning flour products distributed in Hunan Province. The consumption of seasoning flour products by the Hunan population was investigated by questionnaire. The results showed that the detection rate of PAHs in seasoning flour products in Hunan Province was 92.41%. Among them, benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLA), and chrysene (CHR) were dominant. The total PAHs and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) contents of soggy seasoning flour product samples were higher than those of crisp samples and chewy samples. The total amount of PAHs in rod-shaped and flaky samples were higher than that in filamentous and granular samples. The margin of exposure (MOE) values of various seasoning flour products and all age groups (children, adolescents, and adults) was much more significant than 10,000. Moreover, the incremental lifetime of cancer risk (ILCR) values of all age groups were below 1 × 10−5. The above results indicate that PAHs in seasoning flour products have a relatively low health risk for the Hunan population. Still, it is recommended that susceptible populations (children, adolescents, etc.) should control their intake of flour products.

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Heavy metals drinking water contamination and health risk assessment among primary school children of Pakistan

Cited by 18 publications

References 41 publications

A Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Water Quality and Health Risk Assessment in Estie Denisa Spring and Wanka River, Ethiopia

A Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Water Quality and Health Risk Assessment in Estie Denisa Spring and Wanka River, Ethiopia

Carcinogenic effect of potential toxic metals in school children through contaminated drinking water around the industrial area of Pakistan

Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seasoning Flour Products in Hunan, China

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