Heavy Metals in Tobacco Smoke II: Trace Metals Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Cobaltand Nickel in Austrian Cigarettesand in Particle Phase and Smoke Gas - Schwermetalle in Tabaken und in Tabakrauch ll: Spurenelemente Cadmium, Blei, Kupfer, Kobalt und Nickel in oesterreichischen Zigaretten und deren Rauchkondensaten und Rauchgasen

Nitsch, Alfred; Kalcher, Kurt; Greschonig, H.; Pietsch, R.

doi:10.2478/cttr-2013-0618

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 22 publications

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“…inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [8], total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis (TXRF) [8], energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) [20], instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) [5,6,8,21,22], proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) [3], graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) [7,8] and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) [23,24]. The choice of the analytical technique depends on the amount of smoke condensate collected, the intrinsic concentration of the analyte, and the background contamination from smoke collection and sample preparation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slurry sampling for the determination of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in mainstream cigarette smoke condensate by graphite furnace–atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry

Torrence¹,

McDaniel²,

Self³

et al. 2002

Anal Bioanal Chem

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The slurry sampling technique has been applied for the determination of As, Cd, and Pb in mainstream cigarette smoke condensate (MS CSC) by graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The MS CSC of the 1R4F Reference Cigarette was collected by electrostatic precipitation and was subsequently prepared as two slurry samples with and without the dispersing agent Triton X-100. Comparison of results determined by ICP-MS analyses of the 1R4F MS CSC slurry samples with those from the conventional microwave digestion method revealed good agreement. The precision of Triton X-100 slurry sampling and of microwave-assisted digestion was better than 10% RSD, and both were superior to slurry sampling without use of Triton X-100. The accuracy of the analytical results for the Triton X-100 slurry sample was further verified by graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). For GF-AAS, the method limits of detection are 1.6, 0.04, and 0.5 microg x L(-1) for As, Cd, and Pb, respectively. For ICP-MS, the method limits of detection are 0.06, 0.01, and 0.38 microg x L(-1) for As, Cd, and Pb, respectively. The MS CSC of the 1R4F Reference Cigarette was collected in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) smoking regime (35 mL puff volume of 2-s puff duration at an interval of 60 s) and the concentrations of As, Cd and Pb were 6.0+/-0.5, 69.3+/-2.8, and 42.0+/-2.1 ng/cigarette, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slurry sampling for the determination of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in mainstream cigarette smoke condensate by graphite furnace–atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry

Torrence¹,

McDaniel²,

Self³

et al. 2002

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Estimation of Polish cigarettes contamination with cadmium and lead, and exposure to these metals via smoking

Gałażyn-Sidorczuk

Brzóska

Moniuszko-Jakoniuk

2007

Environ Monit Assess

125

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To estimate exposure to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) through cigarette smoking, the concentrations of both metals in the blood or/and urine of smokers (20 cigarettes or more per day for 10 years or longer) and their non-smoking counterparts inhabiting an environmentally unpolluted area (Bialystok, Poland) were evaluated, as well as Cd and Pb contents in the cigarette brands (produced in Poland) smoked by the participants, including intact cigarettes, pre-smoking (tobacco, paper and filter) and post-smoking (butt, ash and smoke) cigarette components. Blood and urinary Cd concentrations in the smokers have been already reported by us to be 2-4 times higher than in the non-smokers (Galazyn-Sidorczuk et al. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 13 (Suppl.1):91-95, 2004). All the other measurements are the subject of the present paper. Pb concentration in the blood of the cigarette smokers (52.12 +/- 15.51 microg l(-1)) was higher by 29% than in the non-smokers (40.42 +/- 11.19 microg l(-1)). The mean Cd and Pb contents in the cigarettes were 0.6801 +/- 0.1765 and 0.6853 +/- 0.0746 microg per cigarette, respectively. Under cigarette burning, performed using a machine for self-acting burning, on average 33% of Cd and 11% of Pb present in the whole cigarette was released into the smoke. For Cd, unlike Pb, there was a high positive correlation between the metal content in cigarettes and tobacco and its release into the smoke. Moreover, the subjects smoking cigarettes containing the highest Cd amount had higher blood Cd concentration than smokers of other cigarette brands. The results give clear evidence that in the case of inhabitants of areas unpolluted with Cd and Pb habitual cigarette smoking, due to tobacco contamination, creates a serious source of chronic exposure to these metals, especially to Cd.

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Formation of mainstream cigarette smoke constituents prioritized by the World Health Organization – Yield patterns observed in market surveys, clustering and inverse correlations

Piadé¹,

Wajrock²,

Jaccard³

et al. 2013

Food and Chemical Toxicology

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The WHO TobReg proposed mandating ceilings on selected smoke constituents determined from the market-specific median of nicotine-normalized yield distributions. Data validating this regulatory concept were obtained from essentially single-blend surveys. This process is strongly impacted by inverse correlations among yields. In the present study, 18 priority WHO smoke constituent yields (nicotine-normalized) were determined (using two smoking regimens) from 262 commercial brands including American, Virginia and local blends from 13 countries. Principal Component Analysis was used to identify yields patterns, clustering of blend types and the inverse correlations causing these clusters. Three principal components explain about 75% of total data variability. PC1 was sensitive to the relative levels of gas- and particle-phase compounds. PC2 and PC3 cluster American- and Virginia-blends, revealing inverse correlations: Nitrogen oxides and amino- or nitroso-aromatic compounds inversely correlate to either formaldehyde and acrolein, or benzo(a)pyrene and di-hydroxybenzenes. These results can be explained by reviewing the processes determining each components smoke delivery. Regulatory initiatives simultaneously targeting selected smoke constituents in markets with mixed blend styles will be strongly impacted by the inverse correlations described. It is difficult to predict the ultimate impact of such regulations on public health, considering the complex chemistry of cigarette smoke formation.

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Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Slurry sampling for the determination of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in mainstream cigarette smoke condensate by graphite furnace–atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry

Slurry sampling for the determination of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in mainstream cigarette smoke condensate by graphite furnace–atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry

Estimation of Polish cigarettes contamination with cadmium and lead, and exposure to these metals via smoking

Formation of mainstream cigarette smoke constituents prioritized by the World Health Organization – Yield patterns observed in market surveys, clustering and inverse correlations

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