Heavy Metals in Water and Surface Sediments in Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya

Ochieng, E. Z.; Lalah, Joseph O.; Wandiga, Shem O.

doi:10.1007/s00128-006-1087-7

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Compared with the mean concentrations of heavy metals in other lakes worldwide (Tab. ), the concentrations of Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb in four lakes in this study were lower than those in Lake Victoria , Lake Mangla , and Municipal Lake . The concentrations of As and Hg in this study were significantly higher than those in Lake Awassa .…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 61%

Profiles and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Great Rift Lakes, Kenya

Yang

Wei

Cui

et al. 2017

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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Heavy metal pollution in surface water of four lakes (Naivasha, Elementaita, Nakuru, and Bogoria) of the Great Rift Valley in Kenya, East Africa was investigated in this study. Eight heavy metals including chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Among the tested heavy metals, Cd and Hg were detected in all surface water samples. The concentrations of Cr, Cd, Ni, and Pb were relatively lower than those of other metals in the four lakes. Results of Kohonen self-organizing map indicated that all the sampling sites in four lakes of the Great Rift Valley in Kenya could be classified into three different groups based on the heavy metal pollution. Lake Naivasha and Nakuru had characteristics of low concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, and Hg. Lake Bogoria was characterized by high levels of Ni, Cu, Cd, and Hg, and low levels of Pb, Cr, Zn, and As. Lake Elementaita showed characteristics of high concentrations of As and Hg and low concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cu, and Cd. Source identification using principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that anthropogenic factor played an increasingly important role in the heavy metal pollution of four lakes of the Great Rift Valley in Kenya, East Africa. Analysis of non-carcinogenic health risks of heavy metals indicated Hg and As in Lake Elementaita and Hg in Lake Bogoria may pose adverse health effects to local residents via ingestion route.Abbreviations: HQ, hazard quotient; ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; PC, principle component; PCA, principal component analysis; SOM, nself-organizing map.(1 of 8) 1600825

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 61%

Profiles and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Great Rift Lakes, Kenya

Yang

Wei

Cui

et al. 2017

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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“…These high levels of lead may have deleterious effects to the aquatic ecosystem in the long run since the metal is known to be toxic to all living organisms and plays no physiological role [22]. Lead values obtained in this study are lower than those reported about six years ago by Ochieng et al [1] but were well above the levels recently reported in sediments in both Winam and Mwanza Gulfs [4]. These elevated levels can be attributed to anthropogenic sources especially from paints and leaded gasoline which spill from boats.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

“…Lake Victoria is the largest fresh water lake in Africa with a surface area of 68,000 Km 2 and distributed among Kenya (6%), Uganda (43%) and Tanzania (51%), [1][2][3][4]. The lake is shallow with a depth of 69 m. It is fed by a number of large rivers in Kenya, (Nzoia, Gucha-migori, Sondu-Miriu, Mara, Yala and Nyando), while River Nile is the single outlet [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Levels In Tilapia Fish from Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria

Muinde¹,

Ogoyi²,

Shiundu

2013

TOENVIEJ

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Winam Gulf is facing major pollution threats from anthropogenic input of pollutants such as heavy metals and agrochemical residues. This has deleterious effects on flora and fauna in the lake and consequently the quality of omega -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which have numerous health benefits in humans. In addition, heavy metal bioaccumulation in fish poses a threat to human health. The major objective of the study was to establish whether there is a correlation between the heavy metal pollutants and the levels of omega -3 PUFAs in fish. Levels of heavy metals -lead, cadmium, Zinc and chromium in sediments, water, and tilapia from selected sites in Winam Gulf were investigated. They were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Fish muscles were further analyzed for omega -3 PUFAs using gas chromatography. Sediment samples accumulated the highest levels of heavy metals ranging from below detection limit to as high as 277 mg/kg on dry weight basis. Zinc levels in fish muscles were the highest whereas cadmium was the lowest. Heavy metal levels in water were found to be lowest compared to sediments and fish. Omega-3 PUFAs, particularly alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were in substantial amounts in fish. Oil contents were in the range of (2.47-3.87) %. There was no clear link observed between the levels of heavy metals and omega-3 PUFAs in fish although the fish muscles showed presence of these metals.

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“…The elevated levels are due to sewage and industrial effluent. Nyamasaria and Nyando also had higher concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn than the lake (Ochieng et al 2006) influenced by surface runoff and geology of basin. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn were similar in two rivers Kisat and Nyamasaria in Kisumu city but these were higher than those reported recently in the Winam Gulf (Ochieng et al 2006).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nyamasaria and Nyando also had higher concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn than the lake (Ochieng et al 2006) influenced by surface runoff and geology of basin. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn were similar in two rivers Kisat and Nyamasaria in Kisumu city but these were higher than those reported recently in the Winam Gulf (Ochieng et al 2006). A comparison of metal concentration in sediment with shale standard is generally taken as a quick practical method of tracing heavy metal enrichment (Jain 2004).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources of Heavy Metal Input Into Winam Gulf, Kenya

Lalah

Ochieng

Wandiga

2008

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

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Water and surface sediment from rivers Kisat, Nyamasaria, Nyando, Sondu-Miriu, Kuja, Awach, Yala, and Nzoia, which flow into Winam Gulf, were analyzed for heavy metals in order to assess the influence of the catchment activities on heavy metal input into the lake. Sampling was done both upstream and at river mouths where the rivers entered in to the lake. The mean sediment concentration of exchangeable cations (in microg/g) for Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, and Zn ranged from 0.01 to 263 (for Mn at Kuja). Ag, Cr, and Cd were poorly leachable with 0.1 MHCl but the other cations were found to be fairly exchangeable. Most exchangeable cations in sediment ranged between 2% and 20% of the total heavy metal content obtained by digestion with strong acid. The mean total dissolved metal (0.45 microm filter cut-off) and mean total sediment concentrations ranged from nd-16 (Ag), nd-8 (Cd), nd-23.3 (Co), nd-50 (Cr), 5-157.5 (Cu), 50-3276 (Mn), nd-54.1 (Ni), 7-93.6 (Pb), 25-219.5 (Zn) in microg/L and from nd-8.34 (Ag), 0.48-1.75 (Co), nd-1.78 (Cd), 2.92-5.36 (Cr), 3.90-150.2 (Cu), 133.5-7237 (Mn), 4.33-42.29 (Ni), 3.09-66.06 (Pb), 23.39-7.83 (Sn) and 23.39-350.8 (Zn) in microg/g dry weight, respectively. The rivers analyzed were found to be non-polluted in terms of sediment loads except river Kisat which was found to be polluted because of elevated levels of Pb, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Nyamasaria and Nyando were also found to have higher concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn than those reported previously in the lake sediment. The dissolved metal concentrations were acceptable by WHO maximum limits in drinking water except Mn which was above WHO limit in Kisat, Nyando, and Nyamasaria waters. Enrichment of Cd and Pb was found in all the river sediment samples with factors ranging from 2.12 at Kisat river mouth to 4.41 at Awach (for Cd) and from 1.49 (at Kisat river mouth) to 2.38 (at Nyando river mouth).

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Heavy Metals in Water and Surface Sediments in Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Profiles and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Great Rift Lakes, Kenya

Profiles and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Great Rift Lakes, Kenya

Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Levels In Tilapia Fish from Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria

Sources of Heavy Metal Input Into Winam Gulf, Kenya

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