Hedgehog labeling: View management techniques for external labels in 3D space

Abstract

a) (b) Figure 1: View Management in 3D space. (a) Label placement has been constrained by 3D poles which originate from the center of the object.To resolve occlusions, we move labels along the pole only. (b) Label placement has been constrained by a set of planes in 3D space. Labels are allowed to move within a plane, which is fixed in 3D space. To avoid constant label motion, the label positions are frozen after creating the layout for a viewpoint. The placement is updated only when the viewing angle to the plane grows larger than a threshold. ABSTRACTAnnotations of objects in 3D environments are commonly controlled using view management techniques. State-of-the-art view management strategies for external labels operate in 2D image space. This creates problems, because the 2D view of a 3D scene changes over time, and temporal behavior of elements in a 3D scene is not obvious in 2D image space. We propose managing the placement of external labels in 3D object space instead. We use 3D geometric constraints to achieve label placement that fulfills the desired objectives (e.g., avoiding overlapping labels), but also behaves consistently over time as the viewpoint changes. We propose two geometric constraints: a 3D pole constraint, where labels move along a 3D pole sticking out from the annotated object, and a plane constraint, where labels move in a dominant plane in the world. This formulation is compatible with standard optimization approaches for labeling, but overcomes the lack of temporal coherence. *

Survey on Urban Warfare Augmented Reality

“…Information overload occurs when the number of information displayed in front of the user exceeds his ability to adapt, which often leads to negative effects such as mental strain and visual fatigue and thus affecting decision-making efficiency [48]. Especially in urban warfare, complex urban environment often results in huge amount of situational information which greatly affects the efficiency of commanders observing the environment and obtaining the information of targets.…”

The Design of Visual Information Objects in Three-Dimensional Virtual Environments for Engineering Information Navigation

“…This technique may also help in engineering VEs. However, the work presented in Tatzgern et al (2014) and Bell et al (2001) shows how labels in three dimensions can quickly clutter the VE and become difficult to read without a good view management system in operation.…”

“…However, non-engineering VEs and AR examples have shown their use can cause the VE to become cluttered and give rise to issues of occlusion. To overcome this, view management techniques are implemented to manipulate the positioning of labels and connecting lines based on the orientation of the user (Bell et al, 2001;Tatzgern et al, 2014). The alternative is to separate the text from the VIO and use an icon to identify position, similar to those used in Geo-Information Systems (GIS) such as the Google Maps pin (Svennerberg, 2010).…”

Halo Content

“…A majority of related algorithms attempt to minimize occlusion of virtual labels relative to a target object. For example, Tatzgern et al define 2D and 3D labeling techniques to ensure that both labels and leader lines do not cross or occlude each other [10]. Similarly, Reitmayr et al propose a method for semiautomatic annotation in combination with simultaneous localization and mapping algorithms [8].…”

“…Although environment centric layout management methods can usually manage multiple elements [2,10], current usercentric text management systems often focus on the current window of content in the user's field of view [7]. Since users are often presented with a number of different user centric data items or notifications with limited screen size, we sought to manage multiple items in a constrained space.…”