“…3.2 Data analytical tool Smart PLS 3.2.8 was used to evaluate the associations among the proposed variables by Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). PLS-SEM is a widely used and acceptable technique that enables the concurrent analysis within latent variables and between measurement items (Hair Joseph et al, 2019;Sikander Ali Qalati et al, 2019;Qiang et al, 2019). Furthermore, these techniques believed to be the most appropriate data analytical approach as this research intends to examine the predictive relationship among dependent and independent constructs (Ahmed, Li, Qalati, et al, 2020) 3.3 Measurement scale This study used three independents and one dependent variable.…”