Height at the withers estimation in the horses based on the internal dimension of cranial cavity

Chrószcz, Aleksander; Janeczek, Maciej; Pasicka, Edyta; Klećkowska‐Nawrot, Joanna

doi:10.5603/fm.2014.0021

Cited by 11 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In the medium-speed collected canter (or lope in western riding) with a speed around 1.8 m/s, a cycle frequency of 1.4 cycles/s, and a cycle length around 130 cm, there are occasions where all three limbs are on the ground at once, but there is also an aerial phase. The canter is less tiring for the horse than the gallop and can provide good diagonal or triangular support on rough terrain, but it is not as fast as the trot or gallop (Deuel and Park, 1990;Loitsch, 1993;Clayton, 1993Clayton, , 1994Back et al, 1997;Nicodemus and Clayton, 2001;Nicodemus and Booker, 2007;Splan and Hunter, 2004).…”

Section: Asymmetrical Gaitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the gait of Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene horses from fossilized trackways

Vincelette

2021

Foss. Rec.

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Abstract. Much work has been done on the study of vertebrate gaits over the past several decades and efforts undertaken to apply this to fossil tracks, especially dinosaurs and mammals such as cats, dogs, camels, and horses. This work seeks to expand upon such studies and in particular to study footprints laid down in sand by modern horses and apply such studies to determine the gaits of fossil horse trackways. It thus builds upon the work of Renders (1984a, b) and Kienapfel et al. (2014) and suggests additional measurements that can be taken on horse footprints. In this study the footprints left in the sand by 15 horses of various breeds with various gaits were videotaped, photographed, described, and measured in order to determine characteristics useful in distinguishing gaits. These results were then applied to two new sets of fossil footprints, those of the middle Miocene merychippine horse Scaphohippus intermontanus that I personally examined and measured and those from the late Pleistocene horse Equus conversidens, previously illustrated and described in the literature (McNeil et al., 2007). The latter horse exhibits a fast gallop of around 9.4 m/s, but it is the former whose footprints are quite unique. The quantitative and visual features of these prints are suggestive of a medium-fast gait involving apparent “understepping” of diagonal couplets and hind feet that overlap the centerline. The gait that most closely matches the footprints of Scaphohippus is the “artificial” gait of a slow rack or tölt, or pace, around 1.9 m/s, though an atypical trot of a horse with major conformation issues or which is weaving (swaying) from side to side is a less likely possibility. This intimates, along with the earlier study of Renders (1984a, b), who found the artificial gait of the running walk displayed by Pliocene hipparionine horses, that ancient horses possessed a much greater variety of gaits than modern horses and that over time they lost these abilities with the exception of certain gaited breeds.

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Section: Asymmetrical Gaitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the gait of Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene horses from fossilized trackways

Vincelette

2021

Foss. Rec.

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“…Shoulder height (SH) is one of the more important phenotypic parameters, which in contemporary as well as archaeozoological studies, especially in horses, plays a significant role in the selection of animals to a specific utilitarian type (Brooks et al, 2010;Chr oszcz et al, 2014;Onar et al, 2015). SH, being a strongly genetically determined trait in Polish Konik (Wolc and Bali nska, 2010), has not undergone essential growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric Changes in Polish Konik Mares After Nearly a Hundred Years of the Breed's Existence

Pasicka

Tarnawski

Chrószcz

et al. 2017

Anat. Histol. Embryol.

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The study was carried out on 126 mares of the Polish Konik horse breed. Mares were bred under a stable system housing and they came from five leading conservation breeding centres. The mares were divided into three age groups: 3-5 years old, 6-9 years old and over 10 years old. Each animal was characterized using 40 morphometric measurements. Discriminant analysis proved the exterior differences of mares in terms of the analysed metric values. It was concluded that the morphotype of modern Polish Konik mares is statistically significantly influenced by the following traits: neck ventral length, forearm circumference, distance between the vascular notch (incisura vasorum facialium) and the oral angle (angulus oris), distance between the margo coronalis ungulae and the margo solearis ungulae of the thoracic limb, thorax circumference and pelvis width. Conformation traits of the studied Polish Konik mares show multidirectional changes, prevailingly an upward trend in the mean values. However, shoulder height turned out to be definitely the least modified trait. Results obtained in the research presented herein may be a confirmation of progressing exterior transformations, which have been identified in the new generation, namely in the youngest group of mares of this breed.

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“…Some species inhabit only certain habitats; others easily adapt to environmental changes. According to Aleksander Chrószcz, Maciej Janeczek and others [57], heavily wooded areas were gradually replaced by arable land since the 12th c. Despite the fact that the composition of species represented in Ostrów Tumski shows some fluctuation over time, the presented data (Figure 3, Table 4) do not reveal any sudden changes, confirming the historians' opinion about the mixed woodland-farmland character of the areas around Wrocław [53]. The presence of easily adapting species such as boars, hares and roe deer indicates the existence of fields, whereas red deer and wisent suggest the presence of woodlands.…”

Section: Archaeological Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wild Mammals in the Economy of Wrocław (Poland) as an Example of a Medieval and Modern Era City in the Light of Interdisciplinary Research

Pietruszka¹,

Piekalski²

2021

Animals

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The purpose of this article was to determine the role of wild animals in the economy of a historical city on the basis of archaeological and cultural layers of medieval and early modern Wrocław from the 11th to the 17th century. Archaeozoological analyses were applied, mainly encompassing the percentage share of particular animal species and the research of material culture, i.e., items manufactured from bones, antlers and hides of wild animals. The collected data were compared with written sources. As a result of the following analysis, a low but stable frequency of bone remains in urban layers and is evidence for occasional breaching of the medieval hunting laws by burghers, possibly driven by the opportunity to sell meat and other wild animal products on the markets. Moreover, the relatively low amounts of items made from bones, antlers and wild animal leather may indicate low availability or seasonality (shed antler) of the materials, which might have indirectly raised the product price. Additionally, the area around Wrocław did not feature large forest complexes, which are habitats of wild game, thus explaining the low frequency of wild animal remains in the archaeozoological material.

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Height at the withers estimation in the horses based on the internal dimension of cranial cavity

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Determining the gait of Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene horses from fossilized trackways

Determining the gait of Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene horses from fossilized trackways

Morphometric Changes in Polish Konik Mares After Nearly a Hundred Years of the Breed's Existence

Wild Mammals in the Economy of Wrocław (Poland) as an Example of a Medieval and Modern Era City in the Light of Interdisciplinary Research

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