Helical growth of hyphae of<i>Candida albicans</i>

Sherwood-Higham, J.; Zhu, Wei-Yun; Devine, C. A.; Gooday, Graham W.; Gow, Neil A. R.; Gregory, D. W.

doi:10.1080/02681219480000591

Cited by 26 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The chemotactic growth of T. atroviride toward the host and the coiling around the host hyphae were the most common observations. We found, for instance, that development of the helix-shaped hyphae by the mycoparasite (44) occurred not only in the presence but also in the absence of direct contact with the host (data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

In Vivo Study of Trichoderma -Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Using Constitutive and Inducible Green Fluorescent Protein Reporter Systems

Lü

Tombolini

Woo

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

143

104

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Plant tissue colonization by Trichoderma atroviride plays a critical role in the reduction of diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi, but this process has not been thoroughly studied in situ. We monitored in situ interactions between gfp-tagged biocontrol strains of T. atroviride and soilborne plant pathogens that were grown in cocultures and on cucumber seeds by confocal scanning laser microscopy and fluorescence stereomicroscopy. Spores of T. atroviride adhered to Pythium ultimum mycelia in coculture experiments. In mycoparasitic interactions of T. atroviride with P. ultimum or Rhizoctonia solani, the mycoparasitic hyphae grew alongside the pathogen mycelia, and this was followed by coiling and formation of specialized structures similar to hooks, appressoria, and papillae. The morphological changes observed depended on the pathogen tested. Branching of T. atroviride mycelium appeared to be an active response to the presence of the pathogenic host. Mycoparasitism of P. ultimum by T. atroviride occurred on cucumber seed surfaces while the seeds were germinating. The interaction of these fungi on the cucumber seeds was similar to the interaction observed in coculture experiments. Green fluorescent protein expression under the control of host-inducible promoters was also studied. The induction of specific Trichoderma genes was monitored visually in cocultures, on plant surfaces, and in soil in the presence of colloidal chitin or Rhizoctonia by confocal microscopy and fluorescence stereomicroscopy. These tools allowed initiation of the mycoparasitic gene expression cascade to be monitored in vivo.Trichoderma spp. are active ingredients in a variety of commercial biofungicides used to control a range of economically important aerial and soilborne fungal plant pathogens (17,19). The antagonistic activity of biocontrol Trichoderma strains is attributable to one or more complex mechanisms, including nutrient competition, antibiosis, the activity of cell wall-lytic enzymes, induction of systemic resistance, and increased plant nutrient availability (16,18,19,24,30,31,42). Many studies, primarily in vitro studies, have shed light on the molecular basis of the three-way relationship among the pathogen, the plant, and the biocontrol agent (14, 35). However, the complexities of these interactions have been poorly studied in situ. For example, many of the factors involved in biocontrol are known (32,34,51,55), but the antifungal mechanisms, including mycoparasitism, and the fate of Trichoderma in the soil and on the plant are not well understood. Effective monitoring of biocontrol-related processes in vivo based on the use of vital markers (1, 20, 40) provides a basis for development of new selection methods and improved applications.The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-encoding gene (gfp) (8) is a powerful tool for monitoring the fate and behavior of bacterial and fungal inoculants in situ (1,5,29,43,(48)(49)(50).GFP, unlike other biomarkers (22), does not require any substrate or additional cofactors in order to fluoresc...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

In Vivo Study of Trichoderma -Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Using Constitutive and Inducible Green Fluorescent Protein Reporter Systems

Lü

Tombolini

Woo

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

143

104

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“…The pseudo-hyphae grow on the surface of the medium and are composed of loosely connected, elongated cells which show a winding, almost helical morphology. Helical hyphal growth was previously observed on the surface of agar media in Candida albicans; this was thought to be the result of the rotation of the hyphal apex as it extended to forage nutrients (Sherwood-Higham et al, 1994). The hyphae were straight in liquid media.…”

Section: Cellular Morphology In the Mycelial Phasementioning

confidence: 88%

Environmentally controlled dimorphic cycle in a fission yeast

et al. 1998

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The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe shows bipolar growth and is a convenient model for studying cell polarity and polar growth. This paper shows that the related Schiz, japonicus var. japonicus can switch to unipolar growth and can exist in both yeast and mycelial phases. On solid media, the yeast phase is unstable and prone to switch to the mycelial form, which shows unipolar growth by tip elongation. The hyphae can colonize the body of the substrate (true mycelium) or just its surface (pseudo-mycelium). The yeast-tomycelium transition and the growth of the mycelium are regulated by a nutritional gradient and are associated with extensive vacuolation. The mycelium can convert into arthroconidia or return to the yeast phase in response to environmental changes. These environmentally controlled morphological transitions make Schiz. japonicus var. japonicus an attractive model for the investigation of cell polarity and morphogenesis.

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“…A similar phenotype was reported for the colonial (cot 1) (Steele and Trinci, 1977) and dynein (Plamann et al, 1994) mutants of N. crassa, and gnarled or otherwise distorted hyphal morphology was reported for kinesin mutants of N. crassa (Seiler et al, 1997) and U. maydis (Lehmler et al, 1997). A Spitzenkö rper that typically oscillates back and forth or moves in circles around the advancing apical dome, rather than staying in a more-or-less central position, would be expected to produce wavy or helical growth, respectively (Bartnicki-Garcia et al, 1995a;Sherwood-Higham et al, 1995), and we demonstrated this relationship in our kinesin mutant. What was surprising in the present study, however, was that the absence of an MT-associated organelle motor affected the positioning of the Spitzenkö rper.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fungal Kinesin Required for Organelle Motility, Hyphal Growth, and Morphogenesis

Sandrock

Turgeon

et al. 1998

MBoC

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A gene (NhKIN1) encoding a kinesin was cloned from Nectria haematococca genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction amplification, using primers corresponding to conserved regions of known kinesin-encoding genes. Sequence analysis showed that NhKIN1 belongs to the subfamily of conventional kinesins and is distinct from any of the currently designated kinesin-related protein subfamilies. Deletion of NhKIN1 by transformationmediated homologous recombination caused several dramatic phenotypes: a 50% reduction in colony growth rate, helical or wavy hyphae with reduced diameter, and subcellular abnormalities including withdrawal of mitochondria from the growing hyphal apex and reduction in the size of the Spitzenkö rper, an apical aggregate of secretory vesicles. The effects on mitochondria and Spitzenkö rper were not due to altered microtubule distribution, as microtubules were abundant throughout the length of hyphal tip cells of the mutant. The rate of spindle elongation during anaphase B of mitosis was reduced 11%, but the rate was not significantly different from that of wild type. This lack of a substantial mitotic phenotype is consistent with the primary role of the conventional kinesins in organelle motility rather than mitosis. Our results provide further evidence that the microtubule-based motility mechanism has a direct role in apical transport of secretory vesicles and the first evidence for its role in apical transport of mitochondria in a filamentous fungus. They also include a unique demonstration that a microtubulebased motor protein is essential for normal positioning of the Spitzenkö rper, thus providing a new insight into the cellular basis for the aberrant hyphal morphology.

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Helical growth of hyphae ofCandida albicans

Cited by 26 publications

References 12 publications

In Vivo Study of Trichoderma -Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Using Constitutive and Inducible Green Fluorescent Protein Reporter Systems

In Vivo Study of Trichoderma -Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Using Constitutive and Inducible Green Fluorescent Protein Reporter Systems

Environmentally controlled dimorphic cycle in a fission yeast

A Fungal Kinesin Required for Organelle Motility, Hyphal Growth, and Morphogenesis

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