Helicobacter pylori and Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

Since its discovery, <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (<i>H. pylori</i>) has played a central role in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal diseases. Additionally, there have been many studies that demonstrated the role of <i>H. pylori</i> infection in extragastric diseases. Many research studies have confirmed an indirect association between the prevalence of <i>H. pylori</i> infection and the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs); however, the results are still conflicting. Most studies found that the involvement of <i>H. pylori</i> in this process was related to the chronic inflammation. This inflammation may facilitate the development of CVD-related atherosclerotic pathologies such as endothelial damage and chronic activation of coagulation cascade, etc. Furthermore, <i>H. pylori</i> infection is known to be associated with other vascular diseases such as cerebrovascular diseases and cardiac arrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation. This review summarized the literature on the association of cardiovascular manifestations and <i>H. pylori</i> infection and provided information about the pathogenesis of this association.

Antibiotic Resistance of Helicobacter pylori: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

“… 35 74 77 However, metronidazole resistance was observed in H. pylori isolates without the loss of functional RdxA and FrxA, suggesting that other factors are involved in metronidazole resistance. 72 78 79 80 81 Other putative mechanisms of metronidazole resistance in H. pylori include mutations in FdxB, ferric uptake regulator (Fur), and enhancement of efflux pump (HefA) protein. 72 82 83 84 …”

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection decreases risk for dyslipidemia: A cohort study

“…H. pylori infection not only affects the stomach but is also associated with numerous extragastric diseases, including idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and iron‐deficiency anemia 8‐10 . Moreover, many studies have reported an association between H. pylori seropositivity and lipid abnormalities, and cardiovascular disease, suggesting a causal relationship that remains controversial 11‐17 …”