Helium-induced swelling in tungsten during postimplantation annealing

Influence of MeV helium implantation on deuterium retention in self-ion implanted tungsten

“…Chernikov and Trinkaus published in [7] . Obviously the presence of He modifies D retention locally only within the NRA detection depth but not much beyond.…”

“…It has to be mentioned though that in contrast to the He particles from the plasma, which can not penetrate deeper into the material, the neutrons are able to penetrate -and cause He production, in the bulk material. The behavior of He introduced into the bulk has for example been investigated by Ullmaier and Chernikov [6,7] and recently by Debelle et al [8,9]. He was in all cases introduced at ~ MeV energies, the authors focused on the He behavior and trapping in tungsten.…”

“…Ullmaier reported about He bubbles formation up to the temperatures of about 0.45 of the tungsten melting temperature. Bubble structure and size were investigated in [7].…”

Synergistic effects of high heat loading and helium irradiation of tungsten

“…In particular, it is well known that He implanted in tungsten does not release until high temperatures due to strong interaction with lattice defects [1]. He drastically enhances the formation of bubbles due to the strong bonding to vacancies and their clusters [2][3][4][5][6][7]. As a result, local swelling and degradation of mechanical properties of bulk materials takes place as well [8].…”

Surface morphology and deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to low-energy, high flux pure and helium-seeded deuterium plasmas

“…It is known that He irradiation leads to such structure modification as bubble formation, vacancy swelling, blistering, flaking, porous surface structure, depending on the irradiation conditions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Retention of hydrogen isotopes in W is enhanced by pre-irradiation with He ions at energies of several keV [8][9][10][11][12], whereas sequential 500 eV He 473K significantly reduces the number of blisters [15].…”