Helium production during the electrolysis of D2O in cold fusion experiments

Bush, Benjamin; Lagowski, J. J.; Miles, M. H.; Ostrom, Gregory S.

doi:10.1016/0022-0728(91)85510-v

Cited by 63 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…One such source is of nuclear origin as first suggested by Fleischmann et al [12]. and supported by the emission of soft X-rays [13], charged particles [14] and tritium [15] and helium [16] production.…”

Section: Morphological Changes -Minor Deformationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

PRECURSORS AND THE FUSION REACTIONS IN POLARIZED Pd/D–D₂O SYSTEM: EFFECT OF AN EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD

Szpak¹,

Mosier‐Boss²,

Gordon³

2006

Condensed Matter Nuclear Science

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The effect of an external electric field on the physical appearance of the Pd/D electrode in an operating cell is discussed. It is shown that the individual globules of t h e " c a u l i f l o we r-l i k e " s t r u c t u r e u n d e r g o a s h a p e c h a n g e e x h i b i t i n g t wo d i s t i n c t features, viz those that require energy expenditure that can be extracted from the applied external field (eg reorientation , separation of individual globules, dendrite formation) and those that require energy expenditure far in excess of one that can be supplied by the electric field alone (eg exhibiting features usually associated with the solidification of a molten metal under liquid or the presence of localized catastrophic events leading to the formation of craters). It is shown, by energydispersive X-ray method, that the needed energy is provided by nuclear events occurring in the region close to the electrode surface. The nuclear events are of the type: precursor  unstable nucleus  stable nucleus. 1.0 Introductory remarks Apart from an excess enthalpy generation, there are other reported manifestations of unusual activities in the negatively polarised Pd/D-D 2 O system[1]. Among them (i) changes in surface morphology far greater than those associated with the lattice expansion[2] and (ii) accumulation of impurities in the surface (sub-surface) region that exceeds the amounts that can be transferred from the cell components during prolonged cell operation[3]. In what follows, we shall demonstrate that both these features are magnified if an operating cell is placed in an external electrostatic field.

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Section: Morphological Changes -Minor Deformationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

PRECURSORS AND THE FUSION REACTIONS IN POLARIZED Pd/D–D₂O SYSTEM: EFFECT OF AN EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD

Szpak¹,

Mosier‐Boss²,

Gordon³

2006

Condensed Matter Nuclear Science

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“…indicates that this is probably the dominant process involved in «cold fusion» [68]. The absence of γ-radiation indicates a scenario in which there is strong-dipole coupling to the electron plasma rather than to the vacuum fluctuations.…”

Section: Clusters Of Particles On Ordered Domainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the production of 4 He unaccompanied by high-energy γ-rays [68] demands a very fast (~10 -21 s) transfer of energy to the electrons of the lattice that will then relax in various ways: heat and electromagnetic radiation in a broad range of frequencies including soft X-rays. The impossibility of accounting for this by conventional theories can be well appreciated by estimating the velocity with which energy must «travel» through the lattice.…”

Section: I) Penetration Of the Coulomb Barriermentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible theories of cold fusion

1994

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Summary. -We review some of the key facts in the phenomenology of Pdhydrides usually referred to as «cold fusion». We conclude that all theoretical attempts that concentrate only on few-body interactions, both electromagnetic and nuclear, are probably insufficient to explain such phenomena. On the other hand we find good indications that theories describing collective, coherent interactions among elementary constituents leading to macroscopic quantum-mechanical effects belong to the class of possible theories of those phenomena.PACS 12.20.Ds -Specific calculations and limits of quantum electrodynamics.PACS 52.55.Pi -Confinement in fusion experiments (including α-particle effects, scaling laws, etc.).Introduction.

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“…None of these effects can be the result of Joule heating, because the energy inputs are too low (1,4,27). Other changes to the cathodes include unusual morphological deformations (25), craters (10,28), and "hot spots" (29).…”

Section: Nuclear Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Low Energy Nuclear Reactions: The Emergence of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science

Krivit

2008

Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook

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Helium production during the electrolysis of D2O in cold fusion experiments

Cited by 63 publications

References 8 publications

PRECURSORS AND THE FUSION REACTIONS IN POLARIZED Pd/D–D₂O SYSTEM: EFFECT OF AN EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD

PRECURSORS AND THE FUSION REACTIONS IN POLARIZED Pd/D–D₂O SYSTEM: EFFECT OF AN EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD

Possible theories of cold fusion

Low Energy Nuclear Reactions: The Emergence of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science

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Helium production during the electrolysis of D2O in cold fusion experiments

Cited by 63 publications

References 8 publications

PRECURSORS AND THE FUSION REACTIONS IN POLARIZED Pd/D–D2O SYSTEM: EFFECT OF AN EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD

PRECURSORS AND THE FUSION REACTIONS IN POLARIZED Pd/D–D2O SYSTEM: EFFECT OF AN EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD

Possible theories of cold fusion

Low Energy Nuclear Reactions: The Emergence of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science

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Product

Resources

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PRECURSORS AND THE FUSION REACTIONS IN POLARIZED Pd/D–D₂O SYSTEM: EFFECT OF AN EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD

PRECURSORS AND THE FUSION REACTIONS IN POLARIZED Pd/D–D₂O SYSTEM: EFFECT OF AN EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD