Helping Children Enter Into Another's Experiences: The Look and Feel of It

Memory Development from Early Childhood Through Emerging Adulthood

“…Research has shown that young children often experience problems monitoring the source of their memory. They sometimes have difficulty determining whether they actually performed an act or just imagined it (Ackil and Zaragoza 1995;Foley et al 2010). Such findings have caused some researchers to propose that young children's increased susceptibility to suggestion may largely be due to problems with monitoring the source of their knowledge.…”

Empathy, theory of mind, and individual differences in the appropriation bias among 4- and 5-year-olds

“…Foley, Ratner, and Gentes (2010) examined the effects of asking children to think about their partner's moves while collaborating to make a collage, focusing on either their appearance or their feelings while sticking on each piece. Results showed that children were more likely to claim ownership of their partner's pieces following instructions that encouraged them to simulate their partner's feelings, a phenomenon that the researchers referred to as blending (p. 220).…”

Back to the future: Considerations in use and reporting of the retrospective pretest

“…When asked to report a “before” score 6 weeks after beginning a program, respondents may simply forget the extent of their knowledge levels 6 weeks earlier, leading to inaccurate ratings due to error or response-style bias (Hassan, 2006). Younger children (preschool and early grades) have limited recall strategies and are especially susceptible to retrospective recall biases (Laursen, Denissen, & Bjorklund, 2012), including recall of specific events (Shin, Bjorklund, & Beck, 2007), imagined versus experienced events (Foley, Ratner, & Gentes, 2010), and overestimation errors (Principe, Haines, Adkins, & Guiliano, 2010). When asked to complete “then” and “now” ratings on the same page, people’s scores are more highly correlated simply by virtue of their reporting these two scores at the same time, resulting in a systematic bias (Campbell & Fiske, 1959; Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003).…”