“…One difficulty with the empirical literature is the wide diversity in models concerning the relations among the three constructs. For example, self-esteem has been conceptualized as both cause (Roberts, Kassel, & Gotlib, 1995) and effect (Kistner, Ziegert, Castro, & Robertson, 2001) of depression, or as anchoring one end of a bipolar continuumopposite depression (Watson, Suls, & Haig, 2002). Neuroticism may predispose people to depression (Krueger, McGue, & Iacono, 2001) or depression may “scar” people, leading to increased levels of neuroticism (Fanous, Neale, Aggen, & Kendler, 2007; Hirschfeld et al, 1983; Kendler, Neale, Kessler, Heath, & Eaves, 1993).…”