Abstract. Contrary to current trends, I strive in this paper to uphold culture history as a valid conceptual and analytical framework of archaeological analysis and define Neolithic cultures as representatives of specific past socio-cultural groups. Promoting this claim, I dwell on the cultural makeup of the early Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (EPPNB) period in the southern Levant and make a case for the Aswadian culture. Following a review of the Aswadian’s spatiotemporal and material culture features, the paper proceeds to propose that it may be split further into subcultures, making way for a more detailed understanding of its socio-cultural makeup. Notwithstanding gaps in our knowledge, I will draw on the Aswadian’s distinctiveness from other entities—the preceding PPNA Sultanian, the EPPNB of the northern Levant, and the very recently defined Badia culture of Jordan—to argue that it be considered a full-fledged cultural entity. Notably, the position of the Aswadian culture within the broader context of the Levantine Neolithization will also be considered. I will argue that, notwithstanding decisive, innovative trends in the north Levantine EPPNB, the Aswadian culture continued to maintain a hunter-gatherer way of life, resisting the incorporation of domesticates (plants and animals) into its economy, which do not appear in the southern Levant before the very end of the 11th millennium cal. BP and later in the Middle PPNB.