Hematological and splenic Doppler ultrasonographic changes in dogs sedated with acepromazine or xylazine

Sutil, Dienifer V.; Mattoso, Cláudio Roberto Scabelo; Volpato, Julieta; Weinert, Nádia Cristine; Costa, Ádson; Antunes, Rozyanne Rosa; Müller, Thiago Rinaldi; Beier, Suzane Lílian; Tochetto, Ronise; Comassetto, Felipe; Saito, Mere Erika

doi:10.1016/j.vaa.2016.11.012

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The decrease in Hb concentration and PCV with the HA treatment was likely secondary to erythrocyte sequestration within the spleen, which is a reported side effect of acepromazine. 19 Although Hb concentration and PCV decreased with all treatments over time, clinically important changes were noted only with the HA treatment. The effect of acepromazine on PCV was not as profound when the drug was combined with dexmedetomidine and glycopyrrolate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular combinations of hydromorphone, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, and glycopyrrolate followed by intravenous propofol and inhalant isoflurane anesthesia in healthy dogs

Kramer

Hector

Rezende

et al. 2022

ajvr

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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of various combinations of acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, hydromorphone, and glycopyrrolate, followed by anesthetic induction with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult female Beagles. PROCEDURES Dogs were instrumented for hemodynamic measurements while anesthetized with isoflurane. Two hours after recovery, dogs received 1 of 4 IM combinations in a crossover design with 1 week between treatments: hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg) and acepromazine (0.005 mg/kg; HA); hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine (0.0025 mg/kg; HD); hydromorphone, acepromazine, and dexmedetomidine (HAD); and hydromorphone, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, and glycopyrrolate (0.02 mg/kg; HADG). Sedation was scored after 30 minutes. Physiologic variables and cardiac index were measured after sedation, after anesthetic induction with propofol, and every 15 minutes during maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane for 60 minutes (target expired concentration at 760 mm Hg, 1.3%). RESULTS Sedation scores were not significantly different among treatments. Mean ± SD cardiac index was significantly higher for the HA (202 ± 45 mL/min/kg) and HADG (185 ± 59 mL/min/kg) treatments than for the HD (88 ± 31 mL/min/kg) and HAD (103 ± 25 mL/min/kg) treatments after sedation and through the first 15 minutes of isoflurane anesthesia. No ventricular arrhythmias were noted with any treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In healthy dogs, IM administration of HADG before propofol and isoflurane anesthesia provided acceptable cardiopulmonary function with no adverse effects. This combination should be considered for routine anesthetic premedication in healthy dogs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular combinations of hydromorphone, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, and glycopyrrolate followed by intravenous propofol and inhalant isoflurane anesthesia in healthy dogs

Kramer

Hector

Rezende

et al. 2022

ajvr

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“…These findings coincide with other studies reporting the hematological effect of systemic and epidural XYL administration in goats and horses [ 44 – 46 ]. Sequestration of blood in the spleen and other reservoir sites like liver, muscle, and skin as a result of decreased sympathetic outflow following XYL administration could be attributed to the decrease in RBC, HCT and HGB [ 47 , 48 ]. Furthermore, XYL sedation has been reported to decrease RBC, WBC, MCV, HCT and HGB [ 36 , 44 ], which might be explained by xylazine-induced hemolysis and hemodilution caused by fluid displacement from the lumen into the blood circulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrathecal adenosine enhances the antinociception of Xylazine in goats

et al. 2022

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Background The role of adenosine (AD) in neuromodulation of nociceptive signaling at the level of the spinal cord has been established in both preclinical and clinical models. Recently, the signaling pathway that involves adenosine 5-monophosphate activated protein kinase has been reported to mediate the antinociceptive effects of xylazine (XYL). The objective of this study was to investigate the antinociceptive, cardiorespiratory and hematological effects of intrathecal administration of combined XYL-AD in goats as compared to XYL alone. Six clinically healthy adult goats weighing 25 ± 2 kg were randomly assigned to one of three groups in a cross-over design. Goats were sedated with XYL (0.05 mg/kg, IM) in all groups. Ten min later, 0.9% saline solution [SAL group], XYL (0.05 mg/kg) [XYL group] or a combination of XYL (0.05 mg/kg) and AD (2000 µg) [XYL-AD group] was injected intrathecally. Antinociception scores and both cardiorespiratory and hematological parameters were measured before XYL sedation and intrathecal injection (baseline), and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min thereafter. Results The XYL-AD group showed significantly earlier onset of antinociception [5 (5–7) min] than XYL [13 (12–14.25] min (P = 0.031). The duration of complete antinociception in goats that received XYL-AD was significantly longer (P = 0.031) than that received XYL alone [65 (58.75–66.25) and 47.5 (43.75–51.25) min, respectively]. In both XYL and XYL-AD groups, heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (SAP, MAP and DAP) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared to the baseline. Compared to the SAL group, a statistically significant reduction in HR from 10 to 150 min (P < 0.05) was detected in the XYL group contrary to the XYL-AD group. Differences in the hematological parameters among different groups were insignificant. Conclusions AD injected intrathecally interacts synergistically with XYL to promote antinociception in goats. This discovery supports the use of AD in combination with XYL in clinical trials.

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“…This phenomenon has been largely reported in dogs with various drugs (1,2). For example, splenomegaly caused by the administration of barbiturates and phenothiazine derivatives, such as acepromazine, is well reported in the dog (3)(4)(5). Propofol has produced different findings in dogs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alfaxalone has also been reported to increase canine splenic volume on CT ( 2 ). Conversely, the administration of xylazine (an α 2 -adrenergic receptor agonist) did not lead to an increased splenic size on ultrasound ( 4 ), and splenic volume did not significantly differ from controls on CT when using hydromorphone or dexmedetomidine ( 1 ). Acepromazine has also been reported to increase splenic echogenicity in the dog ( 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Butorphanol With Alfaxalone or Dexmedetomidine on Feline Splenic Size and Appearance on Ultrasound and Computed Tomography

2021

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The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of intramuscular butorphanol with dexmedetomidine or alfaxalone on feline splenic size, echogenicity, and attenuation using ultrasound and computed tomography (CT). Ten healthy research cats underwent ultrasound and CT without sedation (controls), 15 min after protocol AB (alfaxalone 2 mg/kg and butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg) and 10 min after protocol DB (dexmedetomidine 7 μg/kg and butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg), with a one-week wash-out period between each sedation, using a cross-over study design. Images were randomized and anonymized for evaluation by a board-certified radiologist. On ultrasound, the sedative protocols affected splenic thickness, at the body and the tail (p = 0.002 and 0.0003, respectively). Post-hoc tests revealed that mean ± SEM thickness was greater after AB (body: 10.24 ± 0.30 mm; tail: 7.96 ± 0.33 mm) than for the control group (body: 8.71 ± 0.30 mm; tail: 6.78 ± 0.33 mm), while no significant difference was observed following DB. Splenic echogenicity was unchanged between treatments (p = 0.55). On CT, mean ± SEM splenic volume was increased after AB (37.82 ± 1.91 mL) compared to the control group (20.06 ± 1.91 mL) (p < 0.0001), but not after DB (24.04 ± 1.91 mL). Mean splenic attenuation increased after AB (p = 0.0009), but not DB. Protocol DB may be preferable for profound sedation in cats while avoiding changes in feline splenic imaging. When protocol AB is selected, splenomegaly should be expected, though mild on ultrasound. The increased splenic attenuation after AB is unlikely to be clinically relevant.

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Hematological and splenic Doppler ultrasonographic changes in dogs sedated with acepromazine or xylazine

Cited by 15 publications

References 18 publications

Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular combinations of hydromorphone, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, and glycopyrrolate followed by intravenous propofol and inhalant isoflurane anesthesia in healthy dogs

Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular combinations of hydromorphone, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, and glycopyrrolate followed by intravenous propofol and inhalant isoflurane anesthesia in healthy dogs

Intrathecal adenosine enhances the antinociception of Xylazine in goats

Effects of Butorphanol With Alfaxalone or Dexmedetomidine on Feline Splenic Size and Appearance on Ultrasound and Computed Tomography

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