Hematological Follow‐up of an Intervention Program Adding Rubber Glove‐Wearing to Local Ventilation for 2‐Ethoxyethanol Acetate‐Exposed Workers

Chen, Hong‐I; Liou, Saou-Hsing; Hsieh, Ming‐Hong; Shih, Tung‐Sheng; Sun, Chien-Wen; Wu, Trong-Neng; Chang, Ho-Yuan; Loh, Ching‐Hui

doi:10.1539/joh.49.285

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 41 publications

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“…11 Wearing of rubber gloves in addition to local ventilation was effective at preventing direct dermal exposure to 2-EEA and ameliorated the haematological effects of 2-EEA exposure. 12 Cullen et al 13 reported anaplastic anaemia in a lithographer with potential exposure to glycol ethers and organic solvents used in multicolour offset and ultraviolet curing printing processes. High urinary concentrations of ethoxyacetic acid (EAA), the final toxic metabolite of EGEE, in paint stripping and painting operations workers in the aeronautical industry have also been reported.…”

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confidence: 99%

Induction of oxidative damage in the testes and spermatozoa and hematotoxicity in rats exposed to multiple doses of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether

Adedara

Farombi

2010

Hum Exp Toxicol

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The effects of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE) on the antioxidant systems of the testes and epididymal spermatozoa were investigated in rats at dose levels of 0, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1 body weight (bw) administered orally by gavage for 14 consecutive days. The bw gain of the EGEE-treated rats decreased significantly at 200 and 400 mg kg- 1 bw compared with the control group. There were no significant changes in the weights of the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate glands of the EGEE-treated rats. In the testes, while EGEE treatment resulted in significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, it markedly increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities at 200 and 400 mg kg-1 dose levels but vitamin C content remained unaffected in all the groups. In the spermatozoa, administration of EGEE caused significant decrease in the activities of CAT, GST and LDH as well as in the levels of vitamin C and GSH but significantly increased the MDA level and SOD activity compared with the control rats. Histopathological examination showed severe degeneration of the testes, such as generalized erosion and necrosis of the germinal epithelium of the testes, but mildly affected the epididymis at 400 mg kg-1 dose only. Data on spermatozoa analysis of EGEE-treated rats revealed significant decrease in the epididymal spermatozoa number, testicular spermatozoa number, daily spermatozoa production and spermatozoa motility but significantly increased the total spermatozoa abnormalities without affecting the spermatozoa live-dead ratio at all dose levels when compared with the control group. Results of haematological examination showed that white blood cells (WBC), platelets neutrophils and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly lower whereas lymphocytes were increased in 200 and 400 mg/kg EGEE-exposed rats than in the controls. EGEE at 100 mg/kg bw produced minor effect on haematological parameters but adversely affected testes and spermatozoa. In summary, short term administration of EGEE is hematotoxic and gonadotoxic and its effects on male reproduction could be due to the induction of oxidative stress in testes and spermatozoa.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of oxidative damage in the testes and spermatozoa and hematotoxicity in rats exposed to multiple doses of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether

Adedara

Farombi

2010

Hum Exp Toxicol

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Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

Kelsey

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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E series Glycol ethers are alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol along with their acetate esters. They are commonly used in paints and cleaners and typically have a higher boiling point in conjunction with the favorable solvent properties of lower‐molecular weight ethers, esters, and alcohols. They are colorless liquids that have mild earthy or fruity odors. The ethers are miscible with water and/or with numerous organic solvents making them useful as solvents in oil‐water compositions. Their relatively slow rate of evaporation also makes them useful as solvents and coalescing agents in paints and inks. The surface tension and solvent properties of the ethers make them useful in cleaners. Other uses of the ethers include process solvents and deicers. The ethers of the higher glycols are used as hydraulic fluids. Occupational exposure to glycol ethers occurs dermally and by inhalation. Most glycol ethers have low acute, single‐dose toxicity to humans. The most notable and well‐known effect relevant to humans is toxicity to male fertility and developmental toxicity produced by those glycol ethers that can metabolize to produce significant amounts of methoxyacetic acid such as methoxy ethanol and the methyl glymes.

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Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

Cragg¹

2012

Patty's Toxicology

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There are seven U.S. manufacturers of ethers and other derivatives of ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and higher glycols. Five of them are members of the American Chemistry Council (ACC) Glycol Ethers' Panel. The glycol ethers most commonly encountered industrially are colorless liquids that have mild ethereal odors. Alkyl glycol ethers are manufactured in a closed, continuous process by reacting ethylene oxide with an anhydrous alcohol in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Depending on the molar ratios of the reactants and other process parameters, the product mixtures obtained contain varying amounts of the monoethylene, diethylene, triethylene, and higher glycol ethers. Typically, the products in these mixtures are separated and purified by fractional distillation. The miscibility of most of these ethers with water and with a large number of organic solvents makes them especially useful as solvents in oil–water compositions. Their relatively slow rate of evaporation also makes them useful as solvents and coalescing agents in paints. Other uses include inks, cleaners, chemical intermediates, process solvents, brake fluids, and deicers. The ethers of the higher glycols are used as hydraulic fluids. An estimate of the U.S. production and use of representative ethylene glycol ethers is presented. Production of ethylene glycol ethers (total) in Western Europe amounted to 245 thousand metric tons in 1995. Occupational exposure to glycol ethers occurs dermally and by inhalation. Ingestion is not a concern in industrial exposure, although some cases of intentional ingestion of consumer products containing ethylene glycol ethers have been reported. A number of analytical methods have been published that are suitable for detecting glycol ethers in environmental air samples. Glycol ethers generally have low acute, single‐dose toxicity, and LD 50 values generally range from 1.0 to 4.0 g/kg of body weight. In animals and humans, high‐dose administrations (>350 mg/kg) result in central nervous system (CNS) depression, although the results from many studies show no specific damage to neural tissues. Other toxicological effects attributable to glycol ethers are associated with metabolism to the corresponding alkoxyacetic acids. In the case of EGME, EGEE, and certain other glycol ether derivatives, significant reproductive, developmental, hematologic, and immunologic effects have been associated with the formation of either methoxyacetic acid (MAA) or ethoxyacetic acids (EAA). For other glycol ether derivatives substituted with propyl, butyl, or higher homologues, both developmental effects secondary to maternal toxicity (without teratogenic effects) and hematologic effects are observed. Ethylene glycol ethers and acetates may enter the environment from manufacturing effluents and emissions and as a result of their use in commercial products.

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Hematological Follow‐up of an Intervention Program Adding Rubber Glove‐Wearing to Local Ventilation for 2‐Ethoxyethanol Acetate‐Exposed Workers

Cited by 3 publications

References 41 publications

Induction of oxidative damage in the testes and spermatozoa and hematotoxicity in rats exposed to multiple doses of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether

Induction of oxidative damage in the testes and spermatozoa and hematotoxicity in rats exposed to multiple doses of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether

Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

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