Hematology and Blood Biochemistry of Captive Mugger Crocodiles (Crocodylus Palustris)

Stacy, Brian A.; Whitaker, Nikhil

doi:10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0339:habboc]2.0.co;2

Cited by 37 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Mean values in American crocodiles for WBC, eosinophils % and abs, and monocytes % were higher than those reported in Orinoco crocodiles ( 11 , 32 ), freshwater crocodiles ( 32 ), mugger crocodiles ( 33 ), Nile crocodiles ( 10 ), and Morelet's crocodiles ( 34 ) both captive and wild ( Supplementary Table 4 ). More frequent pathogen exposure across environments and inter/intraspecific competition/aggression could be the main factors that explain higher leucocyte values reported for American crocodiles in South Florida, fairly relating to the values reported in wild heterospecific (Nile crocodiles).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Uric acid and sodium values were higher on average compared with other crocodile species, which could be related to habitat variation across species and due to the fact American crocodiles' dwell in brackish/marine areas (greater exposure to dehydration), whereas Orinoco, freshwater, mugger, and Morelet's crocodiles inhabit freshwater areas. It also was found that chloride values were higher compared with heterospecific except for captive mugger crocodiles ( 33 ). The only other study conducted on a coastal crocodile (saltwater crocodile— C. porosus ) also showed high maximum values of uric acid compared with freshwater crocodiles but was conducted on farmed animals ( 35 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in South Florida

et al. 2022

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The American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is considered a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List across its range and classified as locally threatened in several countries. There is a lack of knowledge involving hematological and physiological parameters in American crocodile populations, limiting our understanding of what are considered “normal” blood analyte results for the species and how to link them with health assessments. In this study, we analyzed 40 hematological and biochemical parameters and estimated reference intervals (RIs) for 35 of them based on 436 clinically healthy wild American crocodiles caught in South Florida between 2015 and 2021. Crocodiles were captured across three areas with different levels of human influence [low = Everglades National Park (ENP), medium = Biscayne Bay Estuary (BBE), and high = Turkey Point Nuclear Power Plant (TP)]. There was very strong-to-strong evidence for an effect of where animals were caught on five analytes: basophils %, phosphorus, proportion of (pr) alpha-2 globulins, absolute count (abs) of gamma globulins, and corticosterone, so no reference values were estimated but general statistics are presented and discussed. From the remaining analytes, we found no evidence that sex or size class had an effect on red blood cell (RBC), azurophils and monocytes abs, triglycerides, and albumin abs. However, we did find moderate-to-strong evidence that sex influenced azurophils % and size class influenced white blood cell (WBC), heterophils %, monocytes %, basophils abs, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), potassium, glucose, bile acids, alpha-1 globulin abs, and alpha-2 globulin pr and abs. Finally, there was strong evidence that both sex and size class influenced PCV, lymphocytes % and abs, eosinophils % and abs, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), calcium, sodium, chloride, total protein, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, albumin pr, alpha-1 globulin, and beta globulin abs. Intraspecific analysis showed that size is the variable that most influenced analytes explaining up to 29% of the variation, which relates to our findings based on intraindividual analysis. We compared our results with blood parameters reported for conspecifics as well as closely related species and discussed implication of those results for clinical diagnosis and American crocodile conservation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in South Florida

et al. 2022

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“… a From Salkij et al . [ 17 ] TEC=Total erythrocyte count, Hb=Hemoglobin, PCV=Packed cell volume, MCV=Mean corpuscular volume, MCH=Mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCHC=Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biochemical parameters are important to understand the functional status of individual organs and help understanding pathology of certain infectious diseases. However, the reference values for specific blood biochemical tests have been established for only a few of the described reptilian species [ 11 , 17 , 18 ]. Since environmental conditions, such as temperature, season, geographic area, ecological habitat, and wild versus captive status as well as physiologic factors such as species, nutritional status, reproductive status, gender, and age significantly affect the blood analytes of reptiles; it is important to have a region specific species referral interval that can help in interpreting general health status of concerned species [ 11 , 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hematology and serum biochemistry of Indian spectacled cobra (Naja naja) and Indian rat snake (Ptyas mucosa)

Muliya

Bhat

2016

Vet World

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Aim:To study the hematology and serum biochemistry parameters of Indian spectacled cobra (Naja naja) and Indian rat snake (Ptyas mucosa) and to evaluate the differences in the same between captive and wild populations.Materials and Methods:Animals were categorized into four groups, viz., wild Indian spectacled cobra (n=10), wild Indian rat snakes (n=10), captive Indian spectacled cobra (n=10), and captive Indian rat snake (n=10). The snakes were restrained with restraint tubes, and 2 ml of blood was collected from either heart or ventral coccygeal vein. Hematological examinations were performed manually and serum biochemistry assays were performed on semi-automated clinical chemistry analyzer.Results:The values of total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin were slightly low in captive spectacled cobras and captive rat snakes compared to wild ones, whereas total leukocyte count was found to be slightly high in wild spectacled cobras compared to captive ones. All the recorded values of biochemical and electrolyte analytes were found to be well within expected range for snakes except for total protein and chloride levels in both the species which was slightly above the expected range.Conclusion:The hematology and serum biochemistry intervals of the two most common Indian snakes are presented here. The data will be useful in routine health evaluations and aiding in better medical management of the species studied. Since this study is the first to report complete hematologic and blood biochemical ranges for the study species, observations made here can also be used as referral intervals for future use.

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“…Our values do not suggest hemolysis. In addition, erythrocytes are relatively resistant to osmotic and mechanical damage(Brian and Whitaker 2000). The MCV values for C. crocodilus and M. niger are more signi cant than that for C. palustris and C. porosus.…”

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confidence: 97%

Hematological Values of Two Species of Amazonian Caimans, Caiman crocodilus AND Melanosuchus niger

Oliveira,

Santos,

Lemos

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The Amazon is one of the most biodiverse regions for crocodilians globally. Four of the five Amazonian caimans species exist in the Brazilian Amazon region. Determining hematological values is essential to provide baseline health and condition data. We evaluated the hematological parameters of free-living specimens of Caiman crocodilus and Melanosuchus niger from the middle Negro River region of Brazil. We captured 18 C. crocodilus and 16 M. niger, which averaged 60.5 ± 13.0 cm and 46.1 ± 18.5 cm in total length, respectively. Blood was drawn using syringes containing 10% EDTA, and blood parameters were determined according to the previously described methodology. The analyzed erythrocyte parameters were similar between the species, demonstrating that, despite presenting different sizes, they have similar strategies for absorption and transport of oxygen in the blood. In the morphological analysis of blood cells, erythrocytes, erythroblasts, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, azurophils, heterophils, and basophils were found and, in the quantification of leukocytes and thrombocytes, it was noted that lymphocytes are the central cells in the blood of Caiman of Amazonian. In the results found for plasma metabolites, no significant differences were observed between glucose and total protein levels. The information generated herein is intended to aid in establishing management plans, conservation, and farming of these species of Caiman Amazonian.

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Hematology and Blood Biochemistry of Captive Mugger Crocodiles (Crocodylus Palustris)

Cited by 37 publications

References 4 publications

Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in South Florida

Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in South Florida

Hematology and serum biochemistry of Indian spectacled cobra (Naja naja) and Indian rat snake (Ptyas mucosa)

Hematological Values of Two Species of Amazonian Caimans, Caiman crocodilus AND Melanosuchus niger

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