The effect of a range of solvents on the catalytic oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide to methyl phenyl sulfoxide by MP-11 and by a cyclodextrin derivative of MP-11 was examined. The addition of low concentrations of alcohols enhanced the initial rate of sulfoxidation rate, most likely due to dispersion of MP-11 aggregates. Higher alcohol concentrations resulted in a decrease in activity arising from solvation of the hydrophobic sulfide, disrupting binding to the catalyst. In alcohols 10 the yield of product was decreased arising from increased rates of MP-11 deactivation via the formation of aldehydes (for primary alcohols) or by peroxide deactivation. The catalytic activity of cyclodextrin modified MP-11 was similar to that of MP-11 itself, demonstrating that it is the Ntermianal side of MP-11 which is the determinant of catalytic activity.
Introduction
15The function of enzymes and proteins in non-aqueous solvents has been well established and, in some cases, commercialised [1][2][3][4][5] . Enzyme catalysis and biosensing in organic solvents offers many advantages over aqueous-based processes including increased substrate/analyte solubility, enhanced thermal stability, more 20 favourable reaction thermodynamics, ease of product / biocatalyst recovery and modified selectivity 1,2,[6][7][8][9][10] . The peroxidases are an important group of enzymes which catalyse a wide variety of synthetically useful oxidation reactions using peroxides as oxidants. In spite of this, their potential in non-aqueous catalytic 25 systems has yet to be realised. This may, in part, be attributed to deactivation of the enzymes by the peroxide oxidant at the concentrations required for such reactions [10][11][12] . Strategies to overcome this problem have been developed, including the slow addition 13 or in-situ generation 14 of the peroxide. Alternatively, 30 studies have shown that a high concentration of substrate relative to the peroxide aids the regeneration of the native enzyme and prevents the formation of the peroxidase intermediates which result in enzyme deactivation [15][16][17] . Microperoxidases (MPs) are the products of the proteolytic 35 digestion of cytochrome c. MP-11 contains residues 11 -21 of the parent protein and is prepared by the action of pepsin on cytochrome c. The haem group is covalently attached to the Cys14 and Cys17 residues via sulfide bonds and is coordinated on the proximal side by the imidazole nitrogen of His18. The 6th axial 40 ligand position is either unoccupied or loosely coordinated by water 18 . In this respect the haem configuration is analogous to that of the peroxidase enzymes and MP-11 displays typical peroxidase activity.The array of reactions catalysed by MPs is extensive. The 45 oxidation of phenolic substrates 17,19,20 , peroxide decomposition 21 , sulfide oxidation 22 , Mn 2+ oxidation 23 , the nitration of phenol in the presence of NO 2 -24 , the oxidation of N-methylcarbazole 25 and the dehalogenation of halophenols 26 have all been reported. Thus MPs display activity similar not on...