“…The major drawbacks of using semipermeable membranes in hemodialysis are the hemocompatibility through blood exposure to the membrane’s material, which could lead to activation of proinflammatory molecules, and the incapacity of successfully removing some larger toxins molecules [ 44 ]. The development of upgraded hemodialysis membranes for increased hemocompatibility and anticoagulant properties was reported [ 44 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ]. These membranes were obtained from natural or synthetic polymers, such as polysulfone (PSF) [ 55 , 56 , 57 ], polyethersulfone (PES) [ 58 , 59 ], polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [ 60 , 61 , 62 ], cellulose triacetate (CTA) [ 63 , 64 , 65 ], polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) [ 66 , 67 ], polyacrylonitrile (PAN) [ 53 , 68 ], and polyamide (PA) [ 67 ].…”