Hemocyte production and maturation in an invertebrate animal; proliferation and gene expression in hematopoietic stem cells of Pacifastacus leniusculus

Söderhäll, Irene; Bangyeekhun, Eakaphun; Mayo, Susan; Söderhäll, Kenneth

doi:10.1016/s0145-305x(03)00039-9

Cited by 273 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…We observed a similar increase in BrdU-labeled cells in the circulation upon repeated bleeding (personal observation) and further showed that after the injection of laminarin (a β1,3-glucan), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was detected in circulating hemocytes and cells with morphologic similarities to immature HPT cells of types II and II according to Chaga (Chaga et al, 1995;Wu et al, 2008). This result confirms previous studies concerning the rapid release of new hemocytes after the injection of PAMPs (Hammond and Smith, 2002;Söderhäll et al, 2003a).…”

Section: Reaction To Microbial Polysaccharides and Repeated Bleedingsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Since then, different approaches have been adopted to identify specific proteins that are exclusively expressed by specific hemocyte types. Techniques for examining mRNA expression in separated cell types, such as in situ hybridization and RT-PCR, have been used to show that prophenoloxidase is primarily expressed in granular hemocytes and, to some extent, in SGCs (Johansson et al, 2000;Söderhäll et al, 2003a). These findings confirmed a 1983 study that produced similar results using enzymatic activity .…”

Section: Molecular Markersmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Using flow cytometry to measure cells in the S, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle, an early response to laminarin was detected in P. leniusculus (Söderhäll et al, 2003a). In the swimming crab (Liocarcinus depurator) LPS injection induced the release of cells to circulation in S phase, measured as BrdU incorporation, (Hammond and Smith, 2002); subsequently, this group showed that repeated bleeding could yield a similar result in the spider crab (H. araneus).…”

Section: Reaction To Microbial Polysaccharides and Repeated Bleedingmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These findings confirmed a 1983 study that produced similar results using enzymatic activity . In situ hybridization was also used to show that the RUNX family transcription factor PlRunt is expressed in mature SGCs and the expression of PlRunt was induced soon after the injection of laminarin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce maturation and the release of new hemocytes (Söderhäll et al, 2003a). PlRunt is a member of the RUNX family of transcription factors, which are important for hematopoiesis throughout the animal kingdom, from fruit flies to humans .…”

Section: Molecular Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have shown that the introduction of microbial polysaccharides, such as LPS or β1,3-glucans (pathogen associated molecular patterns, PAMPs), into the hemolymph impact the hemocyte number (Hammond and Smith, 2002;Persson et al, 1987;Söderhäll et al, 2003a). An injection of PAMPs might lead to a rapid decrease in circulating hemocytes and thereby stimulate the synthesis and release of new hemocytes in the HPT (Hammond and Smith, 2002;Söderhäll et al, 2003a). Stimulation through LPS and repeated bleeding or the inhibition of mitosis using vinblastine resulted in increased hemocyte release in the penaeid shrimp P. monodon (van de Braak et al, 2002).…”

Section: Reaction To Microbial Polysaccharides and Repeated Bleedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crustacean hematopoiesis

Söderhäll

2016

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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168

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Crustacean hemocytes are important mediators of immune reactions, and the regulation of hemocyte homeostasis is of utmost importance for the health of these animals. This review discusses the current knowledge on the lineages, synthesis and differentiation of hemocytes in crustaceans. Hematopoietic tissues, their origins, and the regulation of hematopoiesis during molting, seasonal variation and infection are discussed. Furthermore, studies concerning the molecular regulation of hemocyte formation in crustaceans are also described, and the different lineages and their molecular markers are discussed and compared with several insect species. Signaling pathways and the regulation of hematopoiesis by transcription factors are typically conserved among these arthropods, whereas cytokines and growth factors are more variable and species specific. However, considering the great diversity among the crustaceans, one should be cautious in drawing general conclusions from studies of only a few species.2

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Section: Reaction To Microbial Polysaccharides and Repeated Bleedingsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Molecular Markersmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Reaction To Microbial Polysaccharides and Repeated Bleedingmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Molecular Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reaction To Microbial Polysaccharides and Repeated Bleedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Crustacean hematopoiesis

Söderhäll

2016

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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168

138

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Immunology of Invertebrates: Cellular

Smith¹

2010

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Circulating (free) cells are the main mediators of immunity in invertebrates, carrying out the phagocytic, encapsulating and microbicidal responses that enable these animals to protect themselves against infection without a specific adaptive immune system. The cells are specialised for these functions, with division of labour between types. In general, immune cell diversity tends to increase with body complexity and life histories but common to the majority of species, however, are phagocytic and granular cell types that synthesise and store bioactive proteins. The release of these compounds occurs by exocytosis following interaction of pattern recognition receptors and nonself motifs carried on the surface of pathogens or parasites. Cell death of one form or another appears to be inherent in immune reactivity of many invertebrates with new cells produced, at least in coelomates, by mesodermal haemopoietic tissues. Key concepts Immunity in invertebrates is confined to nonspecific inflammatory responses, mediated to a large extent by the circulating blood cells (haemocytes or coelomocytes) or their products. All coelomate invertebrates contain populations of freely circulating cells dedicated to host defence, some well developed for specialist purposes. There are no true vertebrate‐type lymphocytes and no long‐term, highly specific immune memory in invertebrates. The main invertebrate cellular immune responses include phagocytosis, encapsulation, cytotoxicity and the synthesis and release of microbicidal agents. These cellular reactions often involve the death of immune cells or their removal from the circulation, requiring new cells to be synthesised in the haemopoietic tissue and released into the blood. Genomic and proteomic studies have enabled many of the proteins responsible for cellular defence in invertebrates to be identified, especially in arthropods. Although many of the responses and pathways are ancient and highly conserved, there is great diversity in the effector molecules across the invertebrates as a whole.

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Adaptive immunity in invertebrates: A straw house without a mechanistic foundation

2007

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SummaryRecently claims have been made for radical new insights in the field of invertebrate immunology that involve memory, specificity and/or maternal transfer of immunocompetence. For evidence these claims rely on phenomena, such as survival or reproductive capacity, observed at the level of the whole organism. The allure of these apparently revelatory hypotheses is that they are contrary to established views of innate immunity. They draw implicit analogy to adaptive responses in jawed vertebrates and the terminology used creates an incomplete and misleading picture. We argue that the case for adaptive immunity in invertebrates based only on such phenomena is weak and flawed, as it can only be upheld if supported by descriptions of the underlying mechanisms. We caution against a reliance on this approach as a means of advancing this field-highlighting, as an example, some negative commercial implications of adopting this approach.

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Hemocyte production and maturation in an invertebrate animal; proliferation and gene expression in hematopoietic stem cells of Pacifastacus leniusculus

Cited by 273 publications

References 32 publications

Crustacean hematopoiesis

Crustacean hematopoiesis

Immunology of Invertebrates: Cellular

Adaptive immunity in invertebrates: A straw house without a mechanistic foundation

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