Hemoglobin and Serum Iron Concentrations in Menstruating Nulliparous Women in Jos, Nigeria

Ofojekwu, Mary-Jane Nkechi; Nnanna, Ogbonnaya U.; Okolie, Charles E.; Odewumi, Lolade A.; Isiguzoro, Ikechukwu; Lugos, Moses D.

doi:10.1309/lmm7a0f0qbxeyssi

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…It has previously been reported that as many as 30% of all female collegiate athletes are iron deficient[ 43 ] and therefore any small decrease in iron concentration due to menstrual bleeding could have significant implications on neuromuscular performance. Furthermore, one study indicated that iron concentrations were lower during the early follicular phase than the ovulatory phase[ 44 ]. If iron concentrations are lower during the early follicular phase than the ovulatory or luteal phases, then theoretically a decrease in maximal exercise performance may be expected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Neuromuscular Performance throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Physically Active Females

Weidauer

Albert

Zwart

et al. 2016

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

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In the United States, an excess of $1 billion is spent annually on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair surgeries/rehabilitation programs in varsity female sports. Research has indicated that female athletes may be 2 to 10 times more likely to sustain an ACL tear than their male counterparts. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the neuromuscular changes in females during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Design: Observational Cohort Setting: Laboratory Participants: Fifty (50) physically active college aged females (25 on oral contraception) were recruited to participate in three separate visits throughout one menstrual cycle. The groups were similar at baseline. Intervention: Visits coincided with follicular, ovulatory, and the luteal phase of the cycle. At each visit, participants had their blood drawn to assess for estradiol, progesterone, and relaxin levels. Along with blood measurements, isokinetic quadriceps strength at 60°/sec, 180°/sec, and 300°/sec, and knee joint laxity were measured at each visit. Main Outcome Measures: Isokinetic quadriceps strength, KT-1000 measurements, blood assays. Results: Isokinetic peak torque at 60°/sec was significantly lower during the follicular (151.6 ± 26.8 NM) than during the ovulatory phases (157.5 ± 27.1 NM, p<0.05). Isokinetic peak torque at 180°/sec was significantly lower during the follicular phase (98.7 ± 17.9 NM) than the ovulatory (107.1 ± 19.5 NM, p<0.05) and luteal phases (111.2 ± 19.5 NM, p<0.05). Results were similar for the x 300°/sec isokinetic testing with significantly lower peak torque during follicular (79.0 ± 16.0 NM) than the ovulatory (85.4 ± 16.8 NM, p<0.05) or luteal phases (85.7 ± 16.0 NM, p<0.05). No differences were observed for knee joint laxity among any of the visits. Conclusion: Results show that muscle strength is lowest during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and muscle strength and knee joint laxity are independent of hormone level fluctuations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Neuromuscular Performance throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Physically Active Females

Weidauer

Albert

Zwart

et al. 2016

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

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“…Whereas hemoglobin transports oxygen (via erythrocytes), myoglobin's function is to store oxygen in working skeletal muscles and to facilitate its transport to mitochondria. Approximately 65% of iron is stored in hemoglobin (Wallace 2016), thus there is a positive correlation between serum iron concentrations and hemoglobin (Ofojekwu et al 2013;Baart et al 2018). Iron can affect many physiological processes, and its deficiency is associated with fatigue, anemia, and decreased exercise performance (DellaValle 2013;Abbaspour et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association of HFE gene H63D polymorphism with endurance athlete status and aerobic capacity: novel findings and a meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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Purpose Iron is an important component of the oxygen-binding proteins and may be critical to optimal athletic performance. Previous studies have suggested that the G allele of C/G rare variant (rs1799945), which causes H63D amino acid replacement, in the HFE is associated with elevated iron indexes and may give some advantage in endurance-oriented sports. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the HFE H63D polymorphism and elite endurance athlete status in Japanese and Russian populations, aerobic capacity and to perform a meta-analysis using current findings and three previous studies. Methods The study involved 315 international-level endurance athletes (255 Russian and 60 Japanese) and 809 healthy controls (405 Russian and 404 Japanese). Genotyping was performed using micro-array analysis or by PCR. VO 2max in 46 male Russian endurance athletes was determined using gas analysis system. Results The frequency of the iron-increasing CG/GG genotypes was significantly higher in Russian (38.0 vs 24.9%; OR 1.85, P = 0.0003) and Japanese (13.3 vs 5.0%; OR 2.95, P = 0.011) endurance athletes compared to ethnically matched controls. The meta-analysis using five cohorts (two French, Japanese, Spanish, and Russian; 586 athletes and 1416 controls) showed significant prevalence of the CG/GG genotypes in endurance athletes compared to controls (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.58-2.45; P = 1.7 × 10-9). Furthermore, the HFE G allele was associated with high VȮ 2max in male athletes [CC: 61.8 (6.1), CG/GG: 66.3 (7.8) ml/min/kg; P = 0.036]. Conclusions We have shown that the HFE H63D polymorphism is strongly associated with elite endurance athlete status, regardless ethnicities and aerobic capacity in Russian athletes. Keywords Gene • Genotype • Hemochromatosis • Endurance performance • Athletes Abbreviations CI Confidence intervals DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid GWAS Genome-wide association studies HFE Homeostatic iron regulator (hemochromatosis gene) HH Hereditary hemochromatosis HWE Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium PCR Polymerase chain reaction RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism SNP Single-nucleotide polymorphism STREGA Strengthening the reporting of genetic association TFRC Transferrin receptor VȮ 2max Maximal oxygen consumption Communicated by Michael Lindinger.

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“…Losing that amount of iron a day means that the women are also losing hemoglobin as the iron is attached to the hemoglobin. The average hemoglobin lost is 131.61 g/L . This shows that there would be a large hemoglobin peak, with characteristic bond bending, found in menstrual blood as compared to venous blood (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…This can also explain the peak at 1039 cm −1 that is found in menstrual blood because of higher levels of hemoglobin in the menstrual blood as it is one of the most abundant blood proteins . It has been shown that about 65% of iron is stored in hemoglobin and that women lose about 1.6 mg of iron per day during menstruation . Losing that amount of iron a day means that the women are also losing hemoglobin as the iron is attached to the hemoglobin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Differentiation of Menstrual from Venous Blood and Other Body Fluids on Various Substrates Using ATR FT‐IR Spectroscopy

Quinn

Elkins

2016

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Crime scene investigators and laboratory analysts use chemical tests to detect and differentiate body fluids. Testing often requires a sample of the stain, and the chemicals may cause degradation of the fluid or interfere with subsequent tests. Colorimetric chemical tests do not differentiate between different types of the same fluid, such as venous and menstrual blood, and there is no presumptive test available to simultaneously differentiate several body fluids. In this study, we recorded ATR FT-IR spectra of venous and menstrual blood, semen, saliva, and breastmilk. Neat and simulated casework body fluid samples were analyzed on cotton, nylon, wood, paper, and glass substrates. Differences in fluid composition, including proteins and small molecules, resulted in spectral differences. Venous and menstrual blood is differentiated by the peak at 1039 cm attributed to phosphoric acid found in menstrual blood. Peak intensity is influenced by the porosity and weave of the substrate fabric.

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Hemoglobin and Serum Iron Concentrations in Menstruating Nulliparous Women in Jos, Nigeria

Cited by 18 publications

References 10 publications

Changes in Neuromuscular Performance throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Physically Active Females

Changes in Neuromuscular Performance throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Physically Active Females

The association of HFE gene H63D polymorphism with endurance athlete status and aerobic capacity: novel findings and a meta-analysis

The Differentiation of Menstrual from Venous Blood and Other Body Fluids on Various Substrates Using ATR FT‐IR Spectroscopy

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