Hemoglobin-based Oxygen Carriers: Current State-of-the-art and Novel Molecules

Abstract

In blood, the primary role of RBCs is to transport oxygen via highly regulated mechanisms involving hemoglobin (Hb). Hb is a tetrameric porphyrin protein comprising of two α- and two β-polypeptide chains, each containing an iron-containing heme group capable of binding one oxygen molecule. In military as well as civilian traumatic exsanguinating hemorrhage, rapid loss of RBCs can lead to sub-optimal tissue oxygenation and subsequent morbidity and mortality. In such cases, transfusion of whole blood or RBCs can significantly improve survival. However, blood products including RBCs present issues of limited availability and portability, need for type matching, pathogenic contamination risks, and short shelf-life, causing substantial logistical barriers to their pre-hospital use in austere battlefield and remote civilian conditions. While robust research is being directed to resolve these issues, parallel research efforts have emerged towards bioengineering of semi-synthetic and synthetic surrogates of RBCs, using various cross-linked, polymeric and encapsulated forms of Hb. These Hb-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) can potentially provide therapeutic oxygenation when blood or RBC are not available. Several of these HBOCs have undergone rigorous pre-clinical and clinical evaluation, but have not yet received clinical approval in the USA for human use. While these designs are being optimized for clinical translations, several new HBOC designs and molecules have been reported in recent years, with unique properties. The current article will provide a comprehensive review of such HBOC designs, including current state-of-the-art and novel molecules in development, along with a critical discussion of successes and challenges in this field.

Artificial Oxygen Carriers—Past, Present, and Future—a Review of the Most Innovative and Clinically Relevant Concepts

“…Hemerythrin that does not contain any heme group forms hydroperoxides. HBOC compounds recently under clinical investigation (up to 2017) are reviewed in Njoku et al (2015) and Gupta (2017).…”

Fluids of the Future

“…However, chronic administration of one of these encapsulated compounds to rats did not lead to significant antibody formation or tissue injury ( 46 ). The hemoglobin molecule can also be encapsulated with other molecules that preserve its structure and function (carbonic anhydrase, antioxidant enzymes, methemoglobin reductase, 2,3 DPG) ( 47 ). One such example is the bioparticle Erythromer®.…”

Natural Antioxidants in Anemia Treatment

“…Hb is a tetrameric protein consisting of two α- and two β-polypeptide chains. Each of them contains an iron heme group capable of binding an oxygen molecule [ 19 ]. Each heme group contains an (Fe 2+ ) atom, which binds an oxygen molecule.…”