“…Superior sensitivity and specificity of electrochemical sensors can only be achieved when there are well-covered recognition molecules or labels as bridges for electron transfer between electrodes and target molecules. Up to date, redox proteins such as hemoglobin (Hb) ( Figure 1a) 39,43,44,45,46,50,52,53,54,61,62,63,64,73,74 and myoglobin (Mb) 40,47,48,51,55,56,57,58,59,60,65,66,67 Enzymes are recognized as highly-selective biological catalysts that can dramatically reduce a specific biochemical process by lowering the threshold of activation energy. For example, horseradish peroxidase (HRP, MW 40000 Da) derived from the roots of horseradish 83 , has been applied in the fabrication of electrochemical biosensors by detecting reduction current of TCA in solution 41,68 .…”