Hemolytic activities of triterpene glycosides from the holothurian order dendrochirotida: Some trends in the evolution of this group of toxins

Kalinin, Vladimir I.; Prokofieva, N.G.; Likhatskaya, G. N.; Schentsova, E.B.; Агафонова, И. Г.; Avilov, Sergey A.; Drozdova, O. A.

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(95)00142-5

Cited by 83 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The latter produce a sticky and toxic substance, but ichthyotoxins are also produced at the level of the sea cucumber tegument (Van Den Spiegel and Jangoux 1987;Habermelh and Krebs 1990;Bryan et al 1997). These toxins are saponins derived from triterpenoids with strong haemolytic, neurotoxic and membranolytic action (Habermelh and Krebs 1990;Kalinin et al 1996). In a natural environment, these toxins mainly have a dissuasive effect (Bryan et al 1997;Hamel and Mercier 2000), but they are lethal in aquaria (Nigrelli 1952;Bakus 1968).…”

Section: Part I: Contribution Of Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different holothurian species are known to expel Cuverian tubules through the anus. These tubules contain different toxins that rapidly immobilise most organisms with which they come into contact (Nigrelli 1952;Bakus 1968;Van Den Spiegel and Jangoux 1987;Habermelh and Krebs 1990;Kalinin et al 1996). However, these toxins do not seem to affect carapids, so these fish might also have a defence system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Further insight on carapid?holothuroid relationships

Parmentier

Vandewalle

2004

Marine Biology

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Carapidae (or pearlfish) are eel-like fishes that live inside different invertebrates, such as holothurians, sea stars, or bivalves. Those of the genus Carapus are commensal and use their host as a shelter, while Encheliophis species are parasitic and eat the host's gonads. In areas where they live in sympatry, C. boraborensis, C. homei, C. mourlani and E. gracilis are able to inhabit the same host species. Infestation is considered as monospecific when several conspecifics are observed in the same host. However, many aspects of this particular relation remain obscure, e.g. communication between carapids and the defence systems of the different protagonists (carapids and hosts). Experiments have been conducted in the field and laboratory to investigate several aspects of the carapids' relationships with their hosts. Sampling carried out in the Bay of Opunohu (Moorea, French Polynesia) determined the sex ratio of C. boraborensis (3:1) and C. homei (1:1) and their distribution rate within different Echinodermata. Our study showed that neither species was capable of determining whether a heterospecific already occupied a sea cucumber or not. They were, however, able to locate the sea cucumber's cloaca, due to the excurrent resulting from respiration. The sea cucumber's defence system (Cuverian tubules) minimises predator attacks, but is not effective against carapid intrusion. The Carapidae defence system is twofold. Due to a passive system related to the sea cucumber's low cloacal position, the Cuverian tubules are not expelled when fish enter the cloaca. Moreover, carapids resist sea cucumber toxins better than other reef fish. Their increased resistance might be related to their gills rather than to their mucus coating; however, the latter may assist the fish in resisting the sticky substances emitted by the Cuverian tubules.

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Section: Part I: Contribution Of Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further insight on carapid?holothuroid relationships

Parmentier

Vandewalle

2004

Marine Biology

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“…Both authors determined the glycoside * E-mail: kalininv@hotmail.com nature of these biologically active natural products and independently named them &&holo-thurin''. In the last 15}20 years, information on the structural diversity, taxonomic distribution, biological activities and biological roles of these substances has been reviewed (Habermehl & Krebs, 1990;Kalinin et al, 1992;Stonik & Elyakov, 1988a, b;Verbist, 1993;Kalinin et al, 1996a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

System-theoretical (Holistic) Approach to the Modelling of Structural–Functional Relationships of Biomolecules and Their Evolution: an Example of Triterpene Glycosides from Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata, Holothurioidea)

Kalinin

2000

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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“…The method was adapted from Kalinin et al (Kalinin et al, 1996) and from Mackie et al (Mackie et al, 1968). Citrated blood from cows was used in this experiment.…”

Section: Hemolytic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The triterpene glycosides of Holothuria forskali: usefulness and efficiency as a chemical defense mechanism against predatory fish

Dyck

Caulier

Todesco

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYMore than 100 triterpene glycosides (saponins) have been characterized in holothuroids in the past several decades. In particular, Holothuria forskali contains 26 saponins in its Cuvierian tubules and 12 in its body wall. This high diversity could be linked to a chemical defense mechanism, the most commonly accepted biological role for these secondary metabolites. We performed an integrated study of the body-wall saponins of H. forskali. The saponins are mainly localized in the epidermis and in the mesothelium of the body wall and appear to be released when the holothuroid is stressed. Among the saponins present in the epidermis, one (holothurinoside G) was detected in the seawater surrounding non-stressed holothuroids and three others (holohurinosides C and F, and desholothurin A) were secreted when the animals were stressed. In addition, two new congeners (detected at m/z 1301 and 1317) were also present in the immediate surroundings of stressed holothuroids. These new saponins do not originate from the epidermis and could come from an internal organ. Quantities of secreted saponins were very low compared with the body wall and Cuvierian tubules concentrations. At natural concentrations, saponins do not represent a threat to the health of predatory fish. The deterrent effect of saponins seems therefore to act as an aposematic signal, warning potential predators of the unpalatability of the holothuroid tissues.

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Hemolytic activities of triterpene glycosides from the holothurian order dendrochirotida: Some trends in the evolution of this group of toxins

Cited by 83 publications

References 3 publications

Further insight on carapid?holothuroid relationships

Further insight on carapid?holothuroid relationships

System-theoretical (Holistic) Approach to the Modelling of Structural–Functional Relationships of Biomolecules and Their Evolution: an Example of Triterpene Glycosides from Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata, Holothurioidea)

The triterpene glycosides of Holothuria forskali: usefulness and efficiency as a chemical defense mechanism against predatory fish

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