Hemoperfusion, Plasmaperfusion and Other Clinical Uses of General, Biospecific, Immuno and Leucocyte Adsorbents

ARTIFICIAL CELL evolves into nanomedicine, biotherapeutics, blood substitutes, drug delivery, enzyme/gene therapy, cancer therapy, cell/stem cell therapy, nanoparticles, liposomes, bioencapsulation, replicating synthetic cells, cell encapsulation/scaffold, biosorbent/immunosorbent haemoperfusion/plasmapheresis, regenerative medicine, encapsulated microbe, nanobiotechnology, nanotechnology

“…It is clear that different approaches can be used to demonstrate this idea". This prediction is already out of date since the idea of artificial cells has progressed way beyond this 1972 prediction (Figures 1-3) [9][10][11][12]. There are unlimited possibilities in variations for the artificial cell membranes and contents ( Figure 1).…”

“…However, my 1966 analysis of the implication of combining all these factors for artificial cells of micro dimension is way beyond expectation [5]. Figure 6 shows an updated analysis [11] of the theoretical mass transfer of a fixed volume of 0.01 lm membrane thickness artificial cells with different diameters. This is compared to an artificial kidney (haemodialysis) machine with a mass transfer of 1.…”

“…Haemoperfusion is now an accepted routine clinical use for the treatment of patients with suicidal or accidental overdose of some medications around the world. A 2017 book [11] by specialists around the world shows that the approach is being used extensively around the world, especially in countries where these can be manufactured with affordable costs.…”

“…What is more exciting is that extensive modifications and extension into many other uses including the use of specific bioadsorbents, immunosorbents. Furthermore, surface properties of artificial cell membranes can be varied by [1] incorporation of negative or positive charge [2]; incorporation of albumin to increase blood compatibility [3]; incorporation of antigens to bind antibodies or antibodies to bind antigen [4]; incorporation of polysaccharides like heparin or polyethylene glycol (PEG) to increase biocompatibility [9][10][11][14][15][16][17][18][19] ( Figure 7). This has led to systems for the specific removal of endotoxins, for the treatment of immunological diseases like Lupus and for the removal of unwanted cells.…”

Zn2+-loaded cellulose beads stabilized by chitosan and prepared via freeze-drying for removing human testosterone in plasma

“…Due to intermittent ADT (IADT) can improve the tolerability of treatment [5], the European Association of Urology (EAU) recently acknowledged that this new therapy method should no longer be considered an experimental therapy [1]. Adsorbent for hemoperfusion has been widely applied to treat autoimmune diseases due to it can specifically remove the pathogens existing in human blood without serious side effects [9]. Furthermore, compared with medical or surgical ADT treatment, adsorbent for hemoperfusion can remove testosterone secreted not only by the testes, but also by other tissues.…”