Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Associated With T-cell Lymphoma in Pregnancy: Diagnostic Conundrum Unveiled

Abstract

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) during pregnancy is a rare and often misdiagnosed disease. The clinical manifestations are non-specific, contributing to a high maternal mortality rate. This case report details the presentation of a 31-year-old pregnant woman with high-grade fever initially treated as an infection-related condition. The diagnostic challenge arose from the rarity of HLH, its variable clinical presentation, and the lack of specificity in clinical and laboratory findings. Despite numerous tests and escalation of therapies, the patient, unfortunately, succumbed to HLH associated with T-cell lymphoma. This case report aims to raise awareness of HLH, emphasizing its challenging definition. Malignancy-associated HLH is not uncommon, and early identification and treatment are paramount to prevent progressive tissue damage, organ failure, and mortality. The atypical presentation of HLH as a clinical manifestation of T-cell lymphoma underscores the need for vigilance in diagnosing this potentially fatal syndrome.