Hemorrhagic versus non-hemorrhagic presentation of presumed reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS): Presentations and outcomes

Abstract

Introduction Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) can present with hemorrhage, ischemia, or both. We aim to compare the differences in presentation and outcomes between patients with RCVS. Methods The hemorrhagic presentation group had 58 patients, and the non-hemorrhagic presentations had 30 patients. Subgroup analysis compared patients with evidence of one or more types of hemorrhage ( n = 53), no evidence of hemorrhage or infarction ( n = 23), evidence of infarction only ( n = 7), and combination of hemorrhage and infarction ( n = 5). Clinical and radiographic data were analyzed. Results Migraine ( p = 0.030) and intracranial tumors ( p = 0.004) were more frequent in non-hemorrhagic presentation. Seizures on admission ( p = 0.047) and higher than average C-reactive protein (CRP) ( p = 0.037) were seen at a higher rate in patients with hemorrhagic presentation. RCVS2 scores were not unexpectedly higher in patients with hemorrhage than non-hemorrhagic presentations ( p = 0.010). Outcomes between the hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic groups were comparable. Subgroup analysis found a higher subset of patients with opiate use ( p = 0.046) in the hemorrhage-only group. Patients with hemorrhage presented with a thunderclap headache ( p < 0.001) more often when compared to the other three groups. RCVS2 score was not unexpectedly higher in the hemorrhage-only group compared with the other groups ( p = 0.004). Conclusion A history of migraines was associated with ischemia, while intracranial tumor was significantly associated with evidence of either an infarct, or no changes on imaging. Exposure to opiates, and seizures or thunderclap headache on presentation were associated with hemorrhage. If our data are reproducible, the RCVS2 score may benefit from inclusion of other, small hemorrhages as criterion for diagnosis for RCVS.