Hendra Virus Infection in Horses: A Review on Emerging Mystery Paramyxovirus

Chlamydia Psittaci ST24: Clonal Strains of One Health Importance Dominate in Australian Horse, Bird and Human Infections

“…fruit bats) are known reservoirs for zoonotic viruses, including Hendra virus, Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), and Menangle virus [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Hendra virus spill-over transmission from flying foxes to horses occurs annually, including recently in the Upper Hunter Valley of NSW, a major Thoroughbred breeding centre [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Overseas studies have observed a prevalence of 31.4% of Chlamydiales in free-ranging and captive bats from a range of families in the Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera bat suborders [ 36 ], but no data currently exist on chlamydial infections in Australian bats.…”

Emerging viruses: Cross-species transmission of coronaviruses, filoviruses, henipaviruses, and rotaviruses from bats

“…Urine, blood, feces, nasal discharge, and saliva of flying foxes served as sources of oro-nasal infection of horses (Eaton et al, 2006). Transmission of HeV between horses occurs infrequently, and humans are infected by direct contact with horses (Khusro et al, 2020;Williamson et al, 1998). However, direct transmission from bats to humans has never been observed.…”

High-throughput sequencing technologies in the detection of livestock pathogens, diagnosis, and zoonotic surveillance

“…Transmission occurs through urine, saliva, fluids, or bats. [158] Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme disease is transferred to animals and humans through tick bites. Borrelia burgdorferi is not a free‐living organism, and it maintains a zoonotic life cycle in mammals or ticks.…”