Hengshun Aromatic Vinegar Improves Glycolipid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via Regulating PGC-1α/PGC-1β Pathway

Abstract

Hengshun aromatic vinegar (HSAV), produced by typical solid-state or liquid-state fermentation techniques, is consumed worldwide as a food condiment. HSAV shows multiple bioactivities, but its activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and possible mechanisms have not been reported. In this study, the effects of HSAV against T2DM were evaluated in insulin-induced HepG2 cells and high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced T2DM rats. Then, the mechanisms of HSAV against T2DM were explored by Real-time PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence assays, siRNA transfection and gene overexpression experiments. Results indicated that HSAV significantly improved glucose consumption and reduced triglycerides (TG) contents in metabolic disordered HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, HSAV obviously alleviated general status, liver and kidney functions of T2DM rats, and decreased hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, improved insulin resistance, and reduced lipid accumulation in liver. Mechanism studies indicated that HSAV markedly down-regulated the expression of proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), then regulated peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α (PPAR-α)/protein kinase B (AKT) signal pathway mediated gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis. Meanwhile, HSAV significantly up-regulated proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1β (PGC-1β), and subsequently decreased sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) pathway mediated lipogenesis. In conclusion, HSAV showed potent anti-T2DM activity in ameliorating dysfunction of glycolipid metabolism through regulating PGC-1α/PGC-1β pathway, which has a certain application prospect as an effective diet supplement for T2DM therapy in the future.

Effects of β-carotene on glucose metabolism dysfunction in humans and type 2 diabetic rats

“…Myocardial IR not only interferes with the metabolism of cardiomyocytes but also leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrial function is further regulated by the transcription factors PGC-1α, NRF1 and TFAM, which regulate key mitochondrial enzymes that affect mtDNA synthesis [38]. Long-term exposure of cardiomyocytes to high glucose increased the concentrations of superoxide (Figure 4A-F) and simultaneously increased mitochondrial damage (Table 4 and Figure 7).…”

Daily Vinegar Ingestion Improves Depression Scores and Alters the Metabolome in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…The improved glycemic response is attributed to acetic acid, which has been demonstrated to reduce the digestive capacity of disaccharidases in vitro [7] and to enhance the clearance of glucose from the blood stream into muscle in vivo [4,8]. The lipid lowering mechanism of vinegar may relate to the upregulation of PPAR-α and its target genes acyl-CoA oxidase 1 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, and enhanced β-oxidation in the liver [9,10]. Possibly, bioactives in vinegar in concert with acetic acid initiate these effects [9,10].…”

“…The lipid lowering mechanism of vinegar may relate to the upregulation of PPAR-α and its target genes acyl-CoA oxidase 1 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, and enhanced β-oxidation in the liver [9,10]. Possibly, bioactives in vinegar in concert with acetic acid initiate these effects [9,10].…”