Hepatic granulomas in Northern Ireland: a thirteen year review

Abstract

The finding of epithelioid cell granulomas within liver biopsies is a not uncommon occurrence. We undertook this study to investigate the underlying conditions responsible for a diagnosis of granulomatous hepatitis in Northern Ireland during the thirteen year period 1980-1992. One hundred and sixty-three patients with hepatic granulomas were identified, accounting for 4% of all liver biopsies undertaken during the period of the study. In 145 cases (89%) a definite clinical diagnosis was established. The most common clinical diagnoses were primary biliary cirrhosis which accounted for 90 cases (55%) and sarcoidosis which accounted for 30 cases (18%). Other less common conditions associated with hepatic granulomas included tuberculosis (3 cases), Crohn's disease (3 cases), chronic active hepatitis (2 cases), drug hypersensitivity (2 cases) and extra-hepatic biliary obstruction (2 cases). Six patients were identified with a clinical diagnosis of psoriasis. Other miscellaneous conditions accounting for single examples of granulomatous inflammation were schistosomiasis, gout, Hodgkin's disease, secondary adenocarcinoma, collapse and necrosis of tumour following radiotherapy and chemotherapy, granulomatous inflammation within the wall of an abscess cavity and idiopathic cirrhosis. Only eighteen cases (11%) remained idiopathic with no definite diagnosis established after detailed investigation. The findings confirm the wide range of clinical conditions which can result in hepatic epithelioid cell granulomas. This has been emphasised in several previous major studies which are reviewed in this paper.

Hepatic granulomas in Turkey: A 6-year clinicopathological study of 35 cases

“…Some frequent causes of HGs include infections, neoplasms, drugs, and autoimmune diseases. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been reported as one of the most common causes of HGs in Western populations (2,3). On the other hand, the dominant worldwide cause of HGs is mycobacterial infections and sarcoidosis (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11).…”

“…The incidence of hepatic granulomas (HGs) ranges from 2% to 15% in the world (2)(3)(4)(5). The types of etiologies have different characteristics in accordance with the geographical locations and patient population (3)(4)(5). Some frequent causes of HGs include infections, neoplasms, drugs, and autoimmune diseases.…”

Primary nodular hepatic tuberculosis mimicking hepatic neoplasia in an immunocompetent host

“…The bacilli can be easily found in caseous necrosis, but their absence cannot exclude the diagnosis [17]. The positive rate of exams for bacilli varies from 0 to 45% and the culture results vary from 10% to 60% (10).…”

Extrapulmonary sarcoidosis of liver and pancreas: A case report and review of literature

“…Histological findings of liver biopsy in our patient are given in Figure 3D. In Europe, sarcoidosis is seen in about 18% of epithelioid granulomas of the liver [54] . Others are primary biliary cirrhosis (55%) and tuberculosis or various infectious diseases [57,58] .…”

“…In general, granulomas are found in 4% of all liver biopsy specimens [54][55][56] . Of these granulomas, only 13.5%-22% are due to sarcoidosis.…”