Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion increases circulating bone marrow-derived progenitor cells and tumor growth in a mouse model of colorectal liver metastases

Premetastatic niches, exosomes and circulating tumor cells: Early mechanisms of tumor dissemination and the relation to surgery

“…However, as imaging of PMN is demanding and not yet developed into a clinically applicable tool, the knowledge of the precise effects of surgery on humans is currently sparse. In animal models, the hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury was shown to significantly increase the circulating BMDC followed by increased microvascular density in the liver and subsequent development of liver metastases . In another study, the surgical removal of tumor‐positive iliac lymph nodes was shown to significantly increase the formation of PMN in the lungs …”

“…Upregulation of HIF and NETs formation are major responses to vascular injury during surgery, and tumor cells exposed to acute, perioperative hypoxia followed by normoxia (ischemia/reperfusion injury [I/R injury]) show increased proliferation . Also, murine models of CRC clearly demonstrated that the I/R injury accelerated the outgrowth of liver metastases …”

The role of mouse models in colorectal cancer research—The need and the importance of the orthotopic models

“…This type of model was a large success and nowadays it is widely used by researchers around the world to induce CRC in mice for carcinogenesis study and response to therapeutics . But like other models, the xenograft model has its limitations, one of them, the low metastatic capacity, reason that motivated some researchers to try new approaches like injection into the spleen, portal vein, and liver . The liver injection model does not represent a metastatic model but rather a heterotopic implantation of colon cancer cells and the spleen and portal vein injection models result in highly infiltrative tumors that impair the possibility of radiological characterization and treatment approaches …”

Treating ischaemia‐reperfusion injury with prostaglandin E1 reduces the risk of early hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence following liver transplantation

“…Several experimental studies demonstrated that mechanisms of ischaemia‐reperfusion injury (I/R) promote intra‐ and extrahepatic engraftment of CTCs . In addition, there is increasing clinical evidence that the risk of tumour recurrence may, thereby, be significantly enhanced in liver transplant patients .…”