Hepatic Lipidosis in Ruminants

Gross, Josef Johann

doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.02.007

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Arshad and Santos [49] have demonstrated an almost linear correlation between NEFA concentration in the blood and lipidosis of the liver. The details of the pathogenesis of lipidosis are given in the reviews of Gross [52] and Martens [53], as are the possible impairments in liver functions.…”

Section: Nefas Lipidosis and Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…is accompanied by a high incidence of "production diseases", as evidenced by the myriad publications about these problems, which cannot be addressed in detail. The interested reader will find further information about the metabolic adaptation and changes of hormones in [36,62,63], about interactions between NEB and reproduction in [64], about inflammation in [65,66] and immunosuppression in [67,68], about oxidative and endoplasmic stress in [69], about damage to mitochondrial functions of the liver in [70], about "production diseases" in [5], and about lipidosis in [52,53].…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Invited Review: Increasing Milk Yield and Negative Energy Balance: A Gordian Knot for Dairy Cows?

Martens

2023

Animals

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The continued increase in milk production during the last century has not been accompanied by an adequate dry matter intake (DMI) by cows, which therefore experience a negative energy balance (NEB). NEB is low and of minor importance at low milk yield (MY), such as for the nutrition of one calf, and under these circumstances is considered “natural”. MY and low DMI around parturition are correlated and are the reason for the genetic correlation between increasing MY and increasing NEB up to 2000 MJ or more for 2–3 months postpartum in high-genetic-merit dairy cows. The extension and duration of NEB in high-producing cows cannot be judged as “natural” and are compensated by the mobilization of nutrients, particularly of fat. The released non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) overwhelm the metabolic capacity of the cow and lead to the ectopic deposition of NEFAs as triglycerides (TGs) in the liver. The subsequent lipidosis and the concomitant hampered liver functions cause subclinical and clinical ketosis, both of which are associated with “production diseases”, including oxidative and endoplasmatic stress, inflammation and immunosuppression. These metabolic alterations are regulated by homeorhesis, with the priority of the physiological function of milk production. The prioritization of one function, namely, milk yield, possibly results in restrictions in other physiological (health) functions under conditions of limited resources (NEB). The hormonal framework for this metabolic environment is the high concentration of growth hormone (GH), the low concentration of insulin in connection with GH-dependent insulin resistance and the low concentration of IGF-1, the so-called GH-IGF-1 axis. The fine tuning of the GH-IGF-1 axis is uncoupled because the expression of the growth hormone receptor (GHR-1A) in the liver is reduced with increasing MY. The uncoupled GH-IGF-1 axis is a serious impairment for the GH-dependent stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver with continued increased lipolysis in fat tissue. It facilitates the pathogenesis of lipidosis with ketosis and, secondarily, “production diseases”. Unfortunately, MY is still increasing at inadequate DMI with increasing NEB and elevated NEFA and beta–hydroxybutyric acid concentrations under conditions of low glucose, thereby adding health risks. The high incidences of diseases and of early culling and mortality in dairy cows are well documented and cause severe economic problems with a waste of resources and a challenge to the environment. Moreover, the growing public concerns about such production conditions in agriculture can no longer be ignored.

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Section: Nefas Lipidosis and Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invited Review: Increasing Milk Yield and Negative Energy Balance: A Gordian Knot for Dairy Cows?

Martens

2023

Animals

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A combined transcriptomics and proteomics approach to reveal the mechanism of AEE relieving hyperlipidemia in ApoE-/- mice

Lu,

Tao,

Qin

et al. 2024

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

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Treatment of cows with liver pathology using a liposomal drug based on extract from the fruits of Silybum marianum

Vlizlo,

Prystupa,

Slivinska

et al. 2024

Regul. Mech. Biosyst.

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After labor, dairy cows are often diagnosed with fatty liver disease. The objective of our study was to identify the efficacy of a liposomal drug based on extract from seeds of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., including tocopheryl acetate, lecithine, squalene, and Twin-80, which was intramuscularly administered to dairy cows to recover the functional state and structure of the liver from the disorder. The experiment involved clinically healthy cows and cows suffering disorders in the main functions and the structure of the liver. The sick cows were treated with intramuscular injections of the drug. Three-time administration of the liposomal drug, with two days interval between each dose, improved the functional condition and the structure of the damaged liver. Biochemical assays of blood of the cows after treatment revealed improvement of the bile-forming and bile-removing functions of the liver, and also removal of cholestasis, as evidenced by decreased concentrations of uric acids, total and conjugated bilirubin, and lower activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in serum. Intramuscular injections of the drug in the sick animals reduced the activities of the hepatospecific mitochondrial enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase in the blood serum, and also the indicatory enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, indicating recovery of the structure of hepatocytes and cessation of cytolysis. After treatment, the sick cows were observed to have upward tendencies in albumin and glucose, which may be interpreted as recovery of the protein-synthesizing and carbohydrate functions of the liver. However, three-time intramuscular injection of the S. marianum-based liposomal drug did not lead to complete recovery of the functions and the structure of hepatocytes in the cows suffering fatty liver disease, and therefore further research should be carried out, with longer and more complex therapeutic approaches.

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Hepatic Lipidosis in Ruminants

Cited by 4 publications

References 86 publications

Invited Review: Increasing Milk Yield and Negative Energy Balance: A Gordian Knot for Dairy Cows?

Invited Review: Increasing Milk Yield and Negative Energy Balance: A Gordian Knot for Dairy Cows?

A combined transcriptomics and proteomics approach to reveal the mechanism of AEE relieving hyperlipidemia in ApoE-/- mice

Treatment of cows with liver pathology using a liposomal drug based on extract from the fruits of Silybum marianum

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