Hepatic Metabolism and Bioactivation of Mycotoxins and Plant Toxins

Swick, R. A.

doi:10.2527/jas1984.5841017x

Cited by 26 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in the liver. Processes of detoxification are shown in black and those leading to toxicity or carcinogenicity are shown in grey (adapted from [53,86]). …”

Section: Metabolism In the Intestinal Epithelium Liver And Kidneysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycotoxins in feeds and their fate in animals: a review

2002

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-Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites secreted by moulds, mostly belonging to the three genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. They are produced in cereal grains as well as forages before, during and after harvest, in various environmental conditions. Due to the diversity of their toxic effects and their synergetic properties, mycotoxins are considered as risky to the consumers of contaminated foods. Mycotoxin metabolism is complex and involves pathways of bioactivation and detoxification in both humans and animals. Detoxification occurs via biotransformation mediated by enzymes in the host cells and in the digestive microbial flora. Some of the toxins or their metabolites may become fixed in animal or human tissues. However, most are eliminated in the urine, faeces and milk. In animals, toxicity is generally revealed as chronic minor troubles and only rarely causes death. The presence of mycotoxins in feeds may decrease feed intake and affect animal performance. In addition, the possible presence of toxic residues in edible animal products (milk, meat, offal), may have some detrimental effects on human health. Maximum acceptable doses in feeds and milk have been set for certain mycotoxins by international authorities. The potential risks of mycotoxins may be controlled by checking plant material for fungal contamination, by improving methods of cultivation, harvest and storage, by eliminating or diluting toxins from the contaminated food or feeds, and by using adsorbents to reduce the bioavailability of toxins in the digestive tracts of animals. These measures will be assessed in the present paper. (0)4 73 63 46 59; e-mail: jouany@clermont.inra.fr présent dans le tube digestif. Certaines des toxines ou de leurs métabolites peuvent être fixés dans les tissus animaux ou humains. Cependant, la majorité est éliminée dans l'urine, dans les fèces et dans le lait. La toxicité se manifeste généralement sous forme de troubles chroniques difficiles à identifier, et rarement par la mort de l'animal. La présence de mycotoxines dans les aliments diminue la plupart du temps les quantités d'aliments ingérés ainsi que les performances zootechniques des animaux. La présence de résidus toxiques dans les produits animaux destinés à la consommation humaine (lait, viande, abats) constitue un risque potentiel qu'il est nécessaire d'évaluer pour mieux répondre à la demande sociétale de sécurité dans la chaîne alimentaire. Des doses acceptables devront être définies pour les toxines les plus dangereuses. En parallèle, des moyens de contrôle devront être mis en place pour vérifier l'innocuité des produits alimentaires mis sur le marché. Le risque potentiel des mycotoxines peut être diminué en évitant la contamination des plantes par les moisissures au moment de leur culture, de leur récolte et de leur conservation. Il est également possible de réduire la concentration en toxines des plantes contaminées par dilution avec des aliments sains et par des traitements appropriés, et (ou) de limiter la biodisponibilité des myc...

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“…Metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in the liver. Processes of detoxification are shown in black and those leading to toxicity or carcinogenicity are shown in grey (adapted from [53,86]). …”

Section: Metabolism In the Intestinal Epithelium Liver And Kidneysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aflatoxicosis 86 A. Yiannikouris, J.-P. Jouany causes fatty acid accumulation in the liver, kidneys and heart and may be responsible for encephalopathies and oedemas [59]. The animal may die within a few hours or days.…”

Section: Effects Of Mycotoxins On Ruminant Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in feeds and their fate in animals: a review

2002

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“…Dos casos suspeitos de aflatoxicose aqui descritos, um, com evolução crônica, ocorreu em uma fêmea, dois meses após o parto. Aparentemente os hormônios esteroides potencializam a função da oxidase hepática e, portanto, o efeito tóxico da aflatoxina B1 (Swick 1984).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Aflatoxicose em cães na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul

Gomes

Marcolongo-Pereira

Sallis³

et al. 2014

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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Descrevem-se os aspectos clinicopatológicos de casos de aflatoxicose em cães no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo dos casos diagnosticados como aflatoxicose em cães necropsiados no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD) da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) no período de 1978 a 2012. Em quatro casos o diagnóstico foi confirmado pela detecção de níveis de 89 a 191 ppb de aflatoxinas B1 e G1 no alimento dos cães. De um total de 27 cães com cirrose hepática, em seis havia suspeita de aflatoxicose pelas lesões macro e microscópicas e pelo tipo de alimentação que os cães recebiam. Os sinais clínicos nos casos confirmados e nos suspeitos caracterizaram-se por apatia, diarreia, icterícia e ascite, com evolução para morte em 8 a 30 dias nos casos confirmados e em 15 a 60 dias nos casos suspeitos. A dieta era à base de derivados de milho ou arroz, farelo de amendoim e, em um caso suspeito, a dieta era ração comercial. As alterações macroscópicas caracterizaram-se por ascite, icterícia, fígado aumentado de tamanho, com ou sem nódulos, hemorragia nas serosas, conteúdo intestinal hemorrágico. Os casos foram classificados de acordo com o padrão histológico principal, caracterizado por vacuolização difusa no citoplasma de hepatócitos nos casos agudos, por proliferação de ductos biliares e discreta fibroplasia nos casos subagudos e por fibrose acentuada nos casos crônicos. Aparentemente, a enfermidade não é importante como causa de morte em cães na região, no entanto, alerta-se para a possibilidade de casos com diagnóstico de cirrose hepática sem causa determinada serem causados por aflatoxicose.

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“…The mechanism of action of toxicity of this extract was not established. However, based on the centrilobular distribution of the hepatocellular injury and the predominantly lipophilic nature of the extract, it may be suggested that the hepatotoxicity could be related to the mixed function oxidase metabolism of the lipophilic compounds in the extract (Rappaport, 1979;Swick, 1984). The chloroform extract of Prunus africana is strongly lipophilic and its hepatotoxic compounds could therefore be metabolized by the mixed function oxidase system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of chloroform extract of Prunus africana stem bark in rats: gross and histological lesions

Gathumbi

Mwangi

Mugera

et al. 2002

Phytotherapy Research

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Chloroform extract of Prunus africana (Hook f. (Rosaceae) did not cause clinical signs or pathology in rats at daily oral doses of up to 1,000 mg/kg for 8 weeks. The extract caused marked clinical signs, organ damage and a 50% mortality rate at a dose of 3.3 g/kg for 6 days. The main lesions observed at this dose were marked centrilobular hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis, diffuse nephrosis, myocardial degeneration, lymphocytic necrosis and neuronal degeneration. The morphological damage in these tissues caused a corresponding rise in blood biochemical parameters namely, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and blood urea nitrogen. The target organs of toxicity of this extract are the liver, kidney and heart. Overt toxicity occurred only after the administration of multiple doses of 3.3 g/kg body weight. These findings confirm the suitability of this extract for therapeutic use, since the doses used in the therapy of prostate gland are much lower than those used in this study and would therefore not be expected to cause pathological changes.

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Hepatic Metabolism and Bioactivation of Mycotoxins and Plant Toxins

Cited by 26 publications

References 63 publications

Mycotoxins in feeds and their fate in animals: a review

Mycotoxins in feeds and their fate in animals: a review

Aflatoxicose em cães na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul

Toxicity of chloroform extract of Prunus africana stem bark in rats: gross and histological lesions

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