Hepatic Regeneration and Reno-Protection by Fish oil, <i>Nigella sativa</i> Oil and Combined Fish Oil/<i>Nigella sativa</i> Volatiles in CCl₄ Treated Rats

Role of Borage Seed Oil and Fish Oil with or without Turmeric and Alpha- Tocopherol in Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Fatty Liver in Rats

“…Monounsaturated fatty acids 20.163 in borage oil and 22.12 in fish oil were demonstrated to reduce hepatic deposition of fat due to their insulin sensitizing effect 54 . Fish oil was reported to stimulate gene expression related to fatty acids beta oxidation with simultaneous reduction of those induce lipogenesis in liver and possess hepatopro-tective effect 55,56 . Omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids activate the peroxisome proliferator receptor PPAR alpha in liver thereby stimulate fatty acid oxidation with simultaneous activation of PPAR gamma that lead to increases insulin sensitivity, reduction of hepatic lipogenesis and reduced reactive oxygen species with consequent reduction of hepatic fat and slowing down the progression to steatohepatitis 57 .…”

Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety

“…Oxidative stress causing lipid peroxidation is one of the major causes of hepatic disease [ 152 , 153 ]. Studies demonstrate that toxicants, such as carbon tetrachloride, arsenic, and acetaminophen induce cellular oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation as evidenced by the production of high MDA level in rat models [ 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 ]. Lipid peroxidation causes the damage of hepatocytes, which is characterized by histopathological changes of liver and high blood levels of hepatic enzymes (ALT and AST).…”

“…Lipid peroxidation causes the damage of hepatocytes, which is characterized by histopathological changes of liver and high blood levels of hepatic enzymes (ALT and AST). However, supplementation of black cumin extract or its active components stimulates the cellular antioxidant systems and increase the activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx, and level of GSH, thereby reducing the oxidative stress and ER stress (reduced activity of GRP78, CHOP, ATF6, ATF4, XBP1), lowering lipid peroxidation, and improving the longevity of experimental animals [ 136 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 ].…”

“…Another potential cause of hepatic disease is inflammation due to hepatotropic viral infections, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and carcinogen exposure [ 153 ]. Studies showed that toxicants trigger the release of excessive inflammatory markers, such as IL-6, Hs-CRP, TNF-α, TGF-β, and NF-κB, and increase liver apoptosis markers, such as Bax, caspase 12, cytochrome c, caspase 9, and caspase 3 [ 154 , 165 ]. However, like oxidative stress, hepatic inflammation can be reduced with black cumin extract and its compounds.…”

“…Thus, the pharmacologic modulation of NO synthesis holds promise in the future treatment of liver diseases [ 171 , 174 ]. Black cumin extract or its active components were shown to reduce NO level by modulating the activity of nitrite reductase [ 154 , 164 , 166 ], indicating that this natural product can protect against NO-mediated hepatic complications.…”