Hepatic transcriptomics and metabolomics indicated pathways associated with immune stress of broilers induced by lipopolysaccharide

Ginsenoside Rg1 and Re alleviates inflammatory responses and oxidative stress of broiler chicks challenged by lipopolysaccharide

“…Oxidative stress also increased apoptotic cells in liver as implied by increased expression of Bax and decreased Bcl-2 ( Kello et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2021 ). The damage of hepatocytes under oxidative stress was in association with decreased amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism observed in chickens in our previous study ( Bi et al, 2022b ). In the present study, ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax but not promoted the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in liver of broilers challenged by LPS.…”

“…Hepatic inflammation response and oxidative damage are hallmark of immune stress in broilers ( Zhao et al, 2021b ; Zheng et al, 2021 ; Bi et al, 2022b ). Therefore, regulating inflammatory response and ameliorating oxidative damage are considered effective to prevent immune stress.…”

“…Environmental pathogens such as Escherichia coli and its component LPS generally attack chickens and activate inflammatory responses, promoting degradation of amino acids for muscle synthesis and inhibiting growth ( Zheng et al, 2021 ; Bi et al, 2022b ). When TLR4 on immune cells recognizes LPS, a series of cascade responses are activated including synthesis and release of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS mediating NF-κB signaling pathway ( Lu et al, 2008 ; Lai et al, 2017 ).…”

“…Lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ), one of the major constituents of cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria, has long been a stress factor for young broilers and a threat for poultry industry ( Han et al, 2020 ; Shi et al, 2022b ; Ye et al, 2022 ). Immune stress and oxidative damage not only decrease feed intake but also increase nutrients catabolism ( Bi et al, 2022b ). Continuous interval injection of LPS is generally used to establish model of bacterial infection and immune stress in mammals and birds.…”

Clostridium butyricum alleviates LPS-induced acute immune stress in goats by regulating bacterial communities and blood metabolites

“…The rate of catabolism of nutrients (proteins and lipids, etc.) in the organism is accelerated to enhance the synthesis of immune substances during the stress response ( 47 ). Based on the results of plasma metabolite analysis after acute immune stress in goats, this experiment found that the differential metabolite d-proline was significantly upregulated in the arginine and proline metabolic pathways.…”